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British nationalism

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused with English nationalism.
The Union Jack of the United Kingdom, adopted in this version in 1801 bearing England's red cross with white border (England in 1801 included Wales within it), Ireland's Saint Patrick's Saltire with a white border, and Scotland's Saint Andrew's Saltire and blue background. This is a common symbol used by British nationalists
Anne was the first monarch of the Kingdom of Great Britain
Satellite photograph of Great Britain and Ireland. Originally British nationalism was typically applicable to Great Britain. British nationalism typically focuses on the unity of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

British nationalism asserts that the British are a nation and promotes the cultural unity of Britons,[1][2] in a definition of Britishness that may include people of English, Scottish, Welsh, and Irish descent (those living in both Northern Ireland and Great Britain and historically the whole of Ireland when it was within the United Kingdom).[3] British nationalism is closely associated with British unionism, which seeks to uphold the political union that is the United Kingdom, or strengthen the links between the countries of the United Kingdom.[4]

British nationalism's unifying identity descends from the ancient Britons who dwelt on the island of Great Britain.[2] British nationalism grew to include people outside Great Britain, in Ireland, because of the 1542 Crown of Ireland Act, which declared that the crown of Ireland was to be held by the ruling monarch of England as well as Anglo-Irish calls for unity with Britain.[5]

It is characterised as a "powerful but ambivalent force in British politics".[6] In its moderate form, British nationalism has been a civic nationalism, emphasizing both cohesion and diversity of the people of the United Kingdom, its dependencies, and its former colonies.[7] However, nativist nationalism has arisen based on fears relating to immigration; this anti-immigrant nativist nationalism has manifested politically in the British National Party and other nativist nationalist movements.[7] Politicians, such as former British prime minister David Cameron, have sought to promote British nationalism as a progressive cause.[8]

History

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During the Industrial Revolution, Britain saw the rise of an integrated national economy and a unified public sphere, where British people began to mobilize on a state-wide scale, rather than just in the smaller units of their province, town, or family.[9] This period also marked Britain's emergence as the first global policeman, with the world's first major modern navy and its capital city of London establishing itself as the foremost global financial center.[10] The early emergence of a popular patriotic nationalism took place in the mid-18th century and was actively promoted by the British government, as well as writers and intellectuals.[11] National symbols, anthems, myths, flags and narratives were widely adopted. The Union Jack was adopted in 1801 as the national flag.[12]

The expansion of the British Empire was accompanied by the awakening of British nationalism. Historians note that it tended to lack the overt aggression seen in other nationalist movements, marked instead by confidence and a sense of dignity instead. Scholars also suggest that the British public rarely identified explicitly as nationalists, favoring patriotism instead. Following World War II, segments of British nationalists opposed European integration and Britain's membership in the European Economic Community.[10]

Nationalism and unionism

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Nowadays, as in the past, unionist movements exist in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. These movements seek specifically to retain the ties between those areas and the rest of the UK, in opposition to civic nationalist movements. Such unionist movements include the Ulster Unionist Party, Democratic Unionist Party and the Scottish Unionist Party. In Scotland and Wales the Conservative, Labour, Liberal Democrat, and Reform UK support the Union. British nationalists are generally supportive of unionism.

List of British nationalist parties

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See also

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References

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Notes

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  1. ^ Motyl 2001, pp. 62–63.
  2. ^ a b Guntram H. Herb, David H. Kaplan. Nations and Nationalism: A Global Historical Overview: A Global Historical Overview. Santa Barbara, California, USA: ABC-CLIO, 2008.
  3. ^ Motyl 2001, pp. 62–64.
  4. ^ Miller 2005, p. 133.
  5. ^ Brendan Bradshaw, Peter Roberts. British Consciousness and Identity: The Making of Britain, 1533-1707. P. 302.
  6. ^ Smith, Smith & White 1988, p. 61.
  7. ^ a b Motyl 2001, pp. 64.
  8. ^ Conservative Party leader David Cameron advocates liberal or civic British nationalism: "Cameron: I will never take Scotland for granted". Conservatives. 15 September 2006. Archived from the original on 24 September 2012. Being British is one of the most successful examples of inclusive civic nationalism in the world. The official party site.
  9. ^ Michael Mann (2012). The Sources of Social Power, Volume 2. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107031180.
  10. ^ a b van Benthem van den Bergh, Godfried (1966). "Contemporary Nationalism in the Western World". Daedalus. 95 (3): 839–842. ISSN 0011-5266.
  11. ^ Gerald Newman (1997). The Rise of English Nationalism: A Cultural History, 1740–1830. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0312176990.
  12. ^ Nick Groom, The Union Jack: The Story of the British Flag (2007).

Bibliography

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  • Miller, William Lockley (2005), "Anglo-Scottish Relations from 1900 to Devolution and Beyond", Proceedings of the British Academy, 128, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-726331-0
  • Motyl, Alexander J. (2001). Encyclopedia of Nationalism, Volume II. Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-227230-7.
  • Smith, Michael; Smith, Steve; White, Brian (1988), British foreign policy: tradition, change, and transformation, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-04-327081-3
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