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Battle of Bhupalgarh

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Battle of Bhupalgarh
Date2 April 1679
Location
Bhupalgarh (Banur, Maharashtra)
Result Mughal Victory
Belligerents
Maratha Kingdom Mughal Empire
Commanders and leaders
Shivaji Diler Khan
Sambhaji[1]
Casualties and losses

Heavy

  • 1,000 killed by Ikhlas Khan's forces
  • 700 survivors had one of their arms cut off
  • Other captured survivors sold into slavery
 Heavy

The Battle of Bhupalgarh (also spelled Bhupalgad) was a battle that occurred between the Mughal Empire and Maratha Kingdom in 1679, near present day Khanapur,[2] in a leadup to the Deccan wars. The Maratha were led by Shivaji, the first Maratha king. The battle resulted in the razing of the fort of Bhupalgarh and a decisive victory for the Mughals under general Diler Khan. Shivaji's son Sambhaji, who would later become the second king of the Maratha Empire, fought on the Mughal side after defecting from his father.[3][1]

Background

The reign of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb (ruled 1658 to 1707) was marked by a campaign of rapid military expansion. This coincided with the establishment of the Maratha Kingdom by Shivaji, who came into conflict with the Mughals as early as 1657.[4][5] Conflict between the two states continued sporadically.

Sambhaji was Shivaji's eldest son. Sambhaji's misbehaviour, including his irresponsibility and addiction to "sensual pleasures", was always a matter of great concern for Shivaji. In 1678, Sambhaji was confined to Panhala Fort by Shivaji after violating a Brahmin woman.[6] Both Jadunath Sarkar and Pandit Shankar Joshi believe that Sambhaji's defection was ultimately motivated by a sense of dissent against his father, particularly against Shivaji's proposal to partition the kingdom between his sons. According to which, Sambhaji was to receive the newly acquired regions of Karnatak and coastal Gingee, while Raja Ram would inherit the heartlands of Maharashtra. Sarkar states that Sambhaji, aggrieved by this decision, decided to join Diler Khan, the Mughal governor of Deccan after receiving letters from him promising Mughal support to reclaim his rights.[7][8]

On December 13, 1678, he escaped with his wife Yesu Bai and joined Diler Khan, following this, he was made a Mughal noble with the rank of seven thousand zat and was conferred the title of Raja by Aurangzeb. Sambhaji stayed with him for a year, taking part in a campaign against the forces of both Shivaji and Bijapur.[9] After his defection, Sambhaji stayed in Akluj. After some time, he marched to the Maratha fort of Bhupalgarh with Diler Khan. The fort was under the command of Firangoji Narsala. Before the battle began, Sambhaji reportedly sent a letter to Narsala, ordering him to surrender the fort to the Mughals. This demand went unanswered.[8]

Battle

The battle began with the Mughal artillery battering the fort's walls and towers. The next day, they launched an assault and fought until noon, ultimately capturing the fort with heavy casualties on both sides. Shivaji's 16,000-strong cavalry reinforcements arrived late, but were intercepted 12 miles from the fort by Ikhlas Khan's 1,500 cavalry. Ikhlas Khan's forces were surrounded but managed to hold them off until the reinforcements from Diler Khan arrived while also killing a thousand of Maratha soldiers. The Maratha army then fled the battlefield.[10]

Aftermath

Diler Khan seized large quantities of grain. He also captured people and sold them into slavery. He let go of seven hundred occupants after cutting off one of their arms. He later razed the fort to the ground. [11] Pandit Shankar Joshi states:[8]

For his desertion to the Mughals and his attack on the Bhupalgad and its defenders, Sambhaji would always stand in history as a condemnable person. Those actions of Sambhaji prove that he was a person of irrational character

A month later, Sambhaji went on to lay siege to Panhala with the support of Mughal army.[8] With the death of Shivaji in 1680, and the ascension of Sambhaji to the throne, the Mughal–Maratha conflict would intensify into the Deccan wars, which saw Sambahji return to being an enemy of the Mughals.[12]

References

  1. ^ a b Vatsal, Tulsi (1982). Indian political history, from the Marathas to modern times. Orient Longman. p. 29.
  2. ^ "BHUPALGAD". Durgbharari. Retrieved 24 February 2025.
  3. ^ Aadeesh, Aanand (1 January 2011). Shivaji the Great Liberator. Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 9788184301021 – via Google Books.
  4. ^ Kincaid, Dennis (1937). The Grand Rebel: An Impression of Shivaji, Founder of the Maratha Empire. London: Collins. pp. 72–78.
  5. ^ Markovits, Claude, ed. (2004) [First published 1994 as Histoire de l'Inde Moderne]. A History of Modern India, 1480–1950 (2nd ed.). London: Anthem Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-1-84331-004-4.
  6. ^ *Laine, James W. (13 February 2003). "Cracks in the Narrative". Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India. Oxford University Press. p. 93. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195141269.003.0006. ISBN 978-0-19-514126-9. Besides the fact that Shivaji grew up apart from his father, we are also aware of his testy relationship with his oldest son Sambhaji, who deserted his father's cause for a time and allied with the Mughals, and is primarily remembered for his affronts to the chaste virtue of brahmin women, his drug use, and his association with Tantric priests of questionable integrity
    • Richards, John F. (1993). "Maratha insurgency and Mughal conquest in the Deccan". The Mughal Empire. Cambridge University Press. p. 215. ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2. In December 1678, in disgrace for the rape of a respectable Brahmin woman, [he] escaped his father's surveillance and fled.
    • Rajaram Narayan Saletore (1978). Sex in Indian Harem Life. Orient Paperbacks. p. 143. During his life-time his son Sambhaji's conduct was a source of grief and vexation to him. When Sambhaji attempted to violate a Brahman's wife, Shivaji confined his son for a time in Panhala fort and, after his release, placed a strict watch over him.
    • Mehta, Jaswant Lal (1986). Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 47. ISBN 978-81-207-1015-3. Though an excellent warrior, he became addicted to sensual pleasures on attaining maturity and displayed irresponsible conduct, unbecoming of a crown prince. What Salim had been to Akbar, Sambhaji was to his father Shivaji.
    • Vatsal, Tulsi (1982). Indian political history, from the Marathas to modern times. Orient Longman. p. 29. 'Unlike his father,' observes Khafi Khan, 'Sambhaji was addicted to wine, and fond of the society of handsome women, and gave himself up to pleasure.' He was not merely dissolute; in 1678 he had actually deserted to the Mughal camp and had attacked the Maratha fort of Bhupalgad, and Shivaji had been forced to keep him in confinement at Panhala.
  7. ^ Sarkar, Jadunath (1955). "Shambhaji Rebelled Against His Father". HOUSE OF SHIVAJI (Studies and documents on Maratha History : Royal Period) (3rd ed.). New Delhi: Orient Longman. pp. 175–178.
  8. ^ a b c d Joshi, P.S. (1980). "Sambhaji's desertion to Mughals". Chhatrapati Sambhaji, 1657-1689 A.D. S. Chand. p. 176-179. Retrieved 15 February 2025.
  9. ^ Richards, John F. (1993). "Maratha insurgency and Mughal conquest in the Deccan". The Mughal Empire. Cambridge University Press. p. 215. ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2.
  10. ^ Sarkar, Jadunath (1972). "XLlll - Shivaji (1670-1680)". History of Aurangzib: Mainly Based on Persian Sources. History of Aurangzib: Mainly Based on Persian Sources. Vol. 4. Orient Longman. p. 223-225.
  11. ^ Jaques, Tony (2006). "B". Dictionary of battles and sieges: a guide to 8,500 battles from antiquity through the twenty-first century. Westport, Conn: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-313-02799-4.
  12. ^ Laine, James W. (2003), "The Hindu Hero: Shivaji and the Saints, 1780–1810", Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India, Oxford University Press, pp. 45–47, ISBN 978-019-514126-9
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