Apellai
Apellai (Ancient Greek: ἀπέλλαι), was a three-day family-festival of the Northwest Greeks, at least in Delphi, similar to the Ionic Apaturia, which was dedicated to Apollo (Doric form: Ἀπέλλων).[1] The festival was spread in Greece by the Dorians as shown by the use of the month name Apellaios (Ἀπελλαῖος or Ἀπελλαιών in Ionic Tenos), in various Dorian states.[2]
Etymology and related words
[edit]The word is derived from the Ancient Macedonian word pélla (πέλλα), "stone", (Heshychius) which appears in some toponyms in Greece like Pella (Πέλλα), Pellene (Πελλήνη)[3][4][5] Robert Beekes suggests that the word πέλλα has probably Pre-Greek origin.[6] The Doric word apella (ἀπέλλα) originally meant wall, enclosure of stones, and later assembly of people within the limits of the square . The word usually appears in plural.[7][8] Robert Beekes derives the word from the verb ἀπέλλειν,[9] ἀποκλείειν[10]("shut off from or out from") therefore apella is the "enclosed space, meeting space".[11]
When a pubescent was received into the body of grown men, as a grown Kouros (male youth) he became ἀπελλάξ (apellax, "sharer in secret rites") and he could enter the apellai. The apellaia were the offerings made at the initiation of the young men at a meeting of a family group.[12]
Apellaion is the offering of a part of the hair to the god, and corresponds to the Koureion of the Apaturia.[13] Apellaios is the month of these rites, and Apellon is the "megistos kouros" (the great Kouros).[14]
Ancient practice
[edit]There is evidence for this festival in Epidauros, Olous, Kalchedon, "Heracleia" at Siris, Tauromenion, Chaleion, Lamia, Oeta (Oἳτη (Oetē)),[15] Tolophon, Delphi and also in Ancient Macedonia.[16][17] The phratry (‘brotherhood’) controlled the access to civic rights. The three-day family-festival included initiation ceremonies, not concerning the state:
- A father introduced his young child
- A father presented his son again, later, as grown youth (kouros)
- A husband presented his wife after the marriage
The corresponding names for the offerings made were paideia (child), apellaia (kouros) and gamela (marriage, Greek: γάμος gamos).[18]
It is almost sure that the festival belonged originally to Apollo, because his name is used in the oaths only near Poseidon Phratrios and Zeus Patroοs. In Athens a common epithet of Apollo as family-god is "Apollo Patroos".[19][20][21]
See also
[edit]Νotes
[edit]- ^ Burkert, p. 255.
- ^ LSJ, s.v. Ἀπελλαῖος
- ^ Solders (Hesychius) p.204 Schol.Ulp. Demosth. XIX 155 : Nilsson, p. 558.
- ^ LSJ, s.v. πέλλα.
- ^ Αlso: Pellana, Pella (Thessaly), Pallene etc.
- ^ Beekes, p. 1168.
- ^ Spartan verb: ἀπελλάζειν: "to assemble", and the festival ἀπέλλαι, which surely belonged to Apollo: Nilsson, p. 556.
- ^ LSJ, s.v. ἀπελλάζω.
- ^ ἀπείλλω
- ^ αποκλείω
- ^ Beekes, p. 115.
- ^ ἀπελλαῖα
- ^ Nilsson, pp. 137, 556.
- ^ Jane Ellen Harrison (2010): Themis: A study to the Social origins of Greek Religion. Cambridge University Press. p. 441. ISBN 1108009492
- ^ A city on the territory of the Malians.
Smith, William, ed. (1854). "Oeta". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. Vol. I. London: John Murray.
- ^ Nilsson, pp. 555–556.
- ^ Compare Hesychius: ἀπέλλακες ἱερών κοινωνούς: Sharers in secret rites; Nilsson, p. 556.
- ^ Burkert, p. 255.
- ^ Plato, Euthyd., 302c
- ^ Demosth. XVIII 141: "To Apollo Pythios, who is the father of the city.": Nilsson, p. 556.
- ^ Temple of Apollo Patroos
References
[edit]- Beekes, S. P., Etymological Dictionary of Greek, 2 vols. Leiden: Brill, 2009. Internet Archive.
- Burkert, Walter, Greek Religion, Harvard University Press, 1985. ISBN 0-674-36281-0.
- Liddell, Henry George, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie, Clarendon Press Oxford, 1940. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Nilsson, Martin (1967), Geschichte der griechischen Religion, München Beck, 1967. ISBN 3-406-01370-8. Internet Archive