1862–63 United States House of Representatives elections
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All 183 seats[b][c] in the United States House of Representatives 92 seats needed for a majority | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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![]() Results Democratic gain Democratic hold Republican gain Republican hold Union gain Union hold Emancipation gain[3] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The 1862–63 United States House of Representatives elections were held between June 2, 1862, and November 3, 1863, to elect the 184 members and eight non-voting delegates of the House of Representatives. The Republican-Union coalition won a reduced majority against the backdrop of the American Civil War.[1]
In the first real test of the Lincoln administration's popularity, the Democratic Party made large gains in these and concurrent elections held in 1862 and 1863.[4] Much of the campaign focussed on Lincoln's handling of the war and the Emancipation Proclamation. Lincoln issued the preliminary proclamation on September 22, weeks before critical races in Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, (October 14) and New York (November 3). Democrats denounced emancipation as tyrannical and a dangerous threat to white supremacy. Democratic election propaganda charged their opponents with bloodlust and religious fanaticism and made frequent appeals to anti-Black racism.[5] While Radical Republicans defended the measure, others felt compelled to distance themselves from the president's policy.[6] In Indiana and Ohio, the Union Party downplayed the slavery issue.[7] The issue was particularly troublesome for Unionists in the border states. Kentucky's Union Democratic Party disavowed the proclamation ahead of congressional elections held in August 1863.[8] In Maryland and Missouri, Unionists welcomed emancipation in principle but divided over questions over gradual versus immediate abolition and the enlistment of Black soldiers.[9]
Other issues impacted the election, including Lincoln's suspension of habeas corpus, conscription, and the progress of the war. Inconclusive Union victories at Antietam, Corinth, and Perryville contributed to a perception that the administration's military strategy was ineffective. Democrats charged the administration with subordinating the restoration of the Union to the radical social policy of the abolitionist movement.[10]
During this election, the Republican Party formed a coalition with War Democrats and border state unionists who supported the war effort. In most states, this coalition was known as the Union Party or as the Republican-Union Party.[11] In parts of New England and the Upper Midwest, pro-administration candidates still called themselves Republicans.[12] The Missouri Unionists were known as the Emancipation Party and split between Immediate and Gradual Emancipationists during this election.[13] The Republican-Union coalition became the basis for the National Union Party which contested the next election.[14]
While contemporary observers interpreted the elections as a "severe reproof" of the administration, the results of the elections were inconclusive.[15] Democrats picked almost 30 seats compared to their showing in 1860–61, while Republican-Unionists suffered serious losses across the Lower North. The strong showing for Union candidates in the border states, however, salvaged the Republican-Unionist majority.[16] Among the defeated Republican-Unionists was the incumbent speaker of the House of Representatives Galusha A. Grow, who lost his Pennsylvania district to a Democratic challenger.[17] This was the last election in which a sitting speaker of the House was defeated for re-election until 1994, when George Nethercutt defeated Tom Foley in Washington's 5th congressional district.[18]
Results
[edit]73 | 1 | 99 | 10 |
Democratic | [e] | Republican-Union | [f] |
State | Type | Date | Total seats (Reapportionment) |
Democratic | Independent Republican |
Republican | Unconditional Union[g] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Seats | Change | Seats | Change | Seats | Change | Seats | Change | Seats | Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Oregon | At-large | June 2, 1862 | 1 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
1 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Maine | Districts | September 8, 1862 | 5 | ![]() |
1 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
4 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Indiana | Districts | October 14, 1862 | 11 | ![]() |
7 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
4 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Iowa | Districts | 6 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
6 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ohio | Districts | 19 | ![]() |
14 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
5 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pennsylvania | Districts | 24 | ![]() |
12 | ![]() |
2 | ![]() |
10 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Delaware | At-large | November 1, 1862 | 1 | ![]() |
1 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Massachusetts | Districts | 10 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
10 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Illinois | Districts | November 4, 1862 (Election Day)[h] |
14 | ![]() |
9 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
5 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Kansas | At-large | 1 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
1 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Michigan | Districts | 6 | ![]() |
1 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
5 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Minnesota | Districts | 2 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
2 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Missouri | Districts | 9 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
1 | ![]() |
8 | ![]() | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
New Jersey | Districts | 5 | ![]() |
4 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
1 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
New York | Districts | 31 | ![]() |
17 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
14 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Wisconsin | Districts | 6 | ![]() |
3 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
3 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Late elections (after the March 4, 1863 beginning of the term) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
New Hampshire | Districts | March 10, 1863 | 3 | ![]() |
1 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
2 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Rhode Island | Districts | April 1, 1863 | 2 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
2 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Connecticut | Districts | April 6, 1863 | 4 | ![]() |
1 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
3 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Kentucky | Districts | August 3, 1863 | 9 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
9 | ![]() | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Vermont | Districts | September 1, 1863 | 3 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
3 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
California | At-large | September 2, 1863 | 3 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
3 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
West Virginia[i] | Districts | October 22, 1863 | 3 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
3 | ![]() | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Maryland | Districts | November 3, 1863 | 5 | ![]() |
1 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
0 | ![]() |
4 | ![]() | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Secessionist States | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Alabama | Districts | None | 6 | ![]() |
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Arkansas | Districts | None | 3 | ![]() |
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Florida | At-large | None | 1 | ![]() |
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Georgia | Districts | None | 7 | ![]() |
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Louisiana | Districts | None | 5 | ![]() |
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Mississippi | Districts | None | 5 | ![]() |
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North Carolina | Districts | None | 7 | ![]() |
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South Carolina | Districts | None | 4 | ![]() |
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Tennessee | Districts | None | 8 | ![]() |
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Texas | Districts | None | 4 | ![]() |
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Virginia | Districts | None | 11[j] | ![]() |
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Total[b] | 184 | ![]() |
72 | ![]() |
2 | ![]() |
85 | ![]() |
25 | ![]() | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
58 Vacancies[k] | 39.1% | 1.1% | 46.2% | 13.6% |
Reapportionment
[edit]The eight Representatives remaining from Tennessee and Virginia in the 37th Congress were absent from the 38th Congress. Other seceded states remained unrepresented, leaving 58 vacancies[19] Upon admission, West Virginia was allotted three Representatives [20] and during the second session one seat was added for the new state of Nevada.[21]
Reapportionment transpired according to the 1860 census, under the 1850 Apportionment Act[22] providing a total of 233 seats. A later Act added eight seats,[23] increasing the total to 241.
Special elections
[edit]Special elections were held in 1862 and 1863 to fill 10 vacancies in the 37th Congress and four vacancies in the 38th Congress.
37th Congress
[edit]District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[24] | |
Missouri 5 | John William Reid | Democratic | 1860 | Incumbent expelled December 2, 1861. New member elected January 6, 1862. Democratic hold. |
|
Kentucky 1 | Henry C. Burnett | Southern Rights | 1855 | Incumbent expelled December 3, 1861. New member elected January 20, 1862. Union Democratic gain. |
|
Virginia 1 | Joseph Segar | Union | 1861 | Incumbent declared not entitled February 11, 1862. Incumbent re-elected March 15, 1862. Union hold. |
|
Illinois 9 | John A. Logan | Democratic | 1858 | Incumbent resigned April 2, 1862. New member elected May 6, 1862. Democratic hold. |
|
Pennsylvania 7 | Thomas B. Cooper | Democratic | 1860 | Incumbent died April 4, 1862. New member elected May 24, 1862. Democratic hold. |
|
Maine 2 | Charles W. Walton | Republican | 1860 | Incumbent resigned May 26, 1862. New member elected September 8, 1862. Republican hold. |
|
Kentucky 2 | James S. Jackson | Union Democratic |
1861 | Incumbent resigned December 13, 1861. New member elected October 27, 1862. Union Democratic hold. |
|
Massachusetts 9 | Goldsmith Bailey | Republican | 1860 | Incumbent died May 8, 1862. New member elected November 4, 1862. Republican hold. |
|
Wisconsin 2 | Luther Hanchett | Republican | 1860 | Incumbent died November 24, 1862. New member elected December 30, 1862. Republican hold. Winner was also elected to the next term; see below. |
|
Virginia 7 | Charles H. Upton | Union | 1861 | Election invalidated February 27, 1862. New member elected January 15, 1863. Union hold. |
|
38th Congress
[edit]District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[25] | |
Wisconsin 6 | Luther Hanchett | Republican | 1860 | Incumbent died November 23, 1862, after winning re-election. New member elected December 30, 1862. Republican hold. Successor was also elected to finish the current term; see above. |
|
Missouri 3 | John W. Noell | Emancipation | 1860 | Incumbent died March 14, 1863. New member elected August 3, 1863. Democratic gain. |
|
New York 14 | Erastus Corning | Democratic | 1860 | Incumbent resigned October 5, 1863. New member elected November 3, 1863. Democratic hold. |
|
Delaware at-large | William Temple | Democratic | 1862 | Incumbent died May 28, 1863. New member elected November 19, 1863. Union gain. |
|
Alabama
[edit]Alabama did not hold elections as a result of secession.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Alabama 1 | Vacant | Seat vacant since January 12, 1861. No election. |
None. | ||
Alabama 2 | Vacant | Seat vacant since January 12, 1861. No election. |
None. | ||
Alabama 3 | Vacant | Seat vacant since January 12, 1861. No election. |
None. | ||
Alabama 4 | Vacant | Seat vacant since January 12, 1861. No election. |
None. | ||
Alabama 5 | Vacant | Seat vacant since January 12, 1861. No election. |
None. | ||
Alabama 6 | Vacant | Seat vacant since January 12, 1861. No election. |
None. |
Arkansas
[edit]Arkansas held no elections in 1862 or 1863 as a result of secession. Late elections were held from March 14–16, 1864, but the elected members were not seated by the House.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[25] | |
Arkansas 1 | Vacant | Seat vacant since May 6, 1861. Claimant not seated. |
| ||
Arkansas 2 | Vacant | Seat vacant since May 6, 1861. Claimant not seated. |
| ||
Arkansas 3 | Vacant | Seat vacant since May 6, 1861. Claimant not seated. |
|
California
[edit]California elected its members on September 2, 1863, after the term began but before Congress convened. Voters chose three members on a statewide general ticket to represent the state's at-large congressional district.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[26] | |
California at-large Plural district with 3 seats |
Timothy Phelps | Republican | 1861 | Incumbent retired. Union gain. |
|
Aaron A. Sargent | Republican | 1861 | Incumbent retired. Union gain. | ||
Frederick F. Low | Republican | 1861 | Incumbent retired. Union gain. |
Connecticut
[edit]Connecticut elected its members April 6, 1863, after the term began but before the Congress convened.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[26] | |
Connecticut 1 | Dwight Loomis | Republican | 1859 | Incumbent retired. Union gain. |
|
Connecticut 2 | James E. English | Democratic | 1861 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Connecticut 3 | Alfred A. Burnham | Republican | 1859 | Incumbent retired. Union gain. |
|
Connecticut 4 | George C. Woodruff | Democratic | 1861 | Incumbent lost re-election. Union gain. |
|
Colorado Territory
[edit]See non-voting delegates, below.
Delaware
[edit]Delaware elected its member on November 1, 1862.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[27] | |
Delaware at-large | George P. Fisher | People's | 1860 | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain. |
|
Dakota Territory
[edit]See non-voting delegates, below.
Florida
[edit]Florida did not hold elections as a result of secession.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Florida at-large | Vacant | Seat vacant since January 10, 1861. No election. |
None. |
Georgia
[edit]Georgia did not hold elections as a result of secession.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Georgia 1 | Vacant | Seat vacant since January 19, 1861. No election. |
None. | ||
Georgia 2 | Vacant | Seat vacant since January 19, 1861. No election. |
None. | ||
Georgia 3 | Vacant | Seat vacant since January 19, 1861. No election. |
None. | ||
Georgia 4 | Vacant | Seat vacant since January 19, 1861. No election. |
None. | ||
Georgia 5 | Vacant | Seat vacant since January 19, 1861. No election. |
None. | ||
Georgia 6 | Vacant | Seat vacant since January 19, 1861. No election. |
None. | ||
Georgia 7 | Vacant | Seat vacant since January 19, 1861. No election. |
None. |
Idaho Territory
[edit]See non-voting delegates, below.
Illinois
[edit]Illinois elected its members on November 4, 1862.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[27][l] | |
Illinois at-large | None (new seat) | New seat. Democratic gain. |
| ||
Illinois 1 | Isaac N. Arnold Redistricted from the 2nd district |
Republican | 1860 | Incumbent re-elected with a new party. Union gain. |
|
Illinois 2 | Vacant | Incumbent redistricted to the 1st district. Union gain. |
| ||
Illinois 3 | Elihu B. Washburne Redistricted from the 1st district |
Republican | 1852 | Incumbent re-elected with a new party. Union gain. |
|
Illinois 4 | William Kellogg | Republican | 1856 | Incumbent retired. Union gain. |
|
Illinois 5 | Owen Lovejoy Redistricted from the 3rd district |
Republican | 1856 | Incumbent re-elected with a new party. Union gain. |
|
Illinois 6 | None (new seat) | New seat. Union gain. |
| ||
Illinois 7 | None (new seat) | New seat. Democratic gain. |
| ||
Illinois 8 | Philip B. Fouke | Democratic | 1858 | Incumbent retired. Democratic hold. |
|
Illinois 9 | None (new seat) | New seat. Democratic gain. |
| ||
Illinois 10 | Anthony L. Knapp Redistricted from the 6th district |
Democratic | 1861 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Illinois 11 | James C. Robinson Redistricted from the 7th district |
Democratic | 1858 | Incumbent re-elected |
|
Illinois 12 | None (new seat) | New seat. Democratic gain. |
| ||
Illinois 13 | William J. Allen Redistricted from the 9th district |
Democratic | 1862 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Indiana
[edit]Indiana elected its members on October 14, 1862.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[29] | |
Indiana 1 | John Law | Democratic | 1860 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Indiana 2 | James A. Cravens | Democratic | 1860 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Indiana 2 | William M. Dunn | Republican | 1858 | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain. |
|
Indiana 4 | William S. Holman | Democratic | 1858 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Indiana 5 | George W. Julian | Republican | 1860 | Incumbent re-elected with a new party. Union gain. |
|
Indiana 6 | Albert G. Porter | Republican | 1858 | Incumbent retired. Union gain. |
|
Indiana 7 | Daniel W. Voorhees | Democratic | 1860 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Indiana 8 | Albert Smith White | Republican | 1860 | Incumbent retired. Union gain. |
|
Indiana 9 | Schuyler Colfax | Republican | 1858 | Incumbent re-elected with a new party. Union gain. |
|
Indiana 10 | William Mitchell | Republican | 1860 | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain. |
|
Indiana 11 | John U. Pettit | Republican | 1856 | Incumbent retired. Democratic gain. |
|
Iowa
[edit]Iowa elected its members on October 14, 1862.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[30] | |
Iowa 1 | Samuel R. Curtis | Republican | 1856 | Incumbent retired. Republican hold. |
|
Iowa 2 | William Vandever | Republican | 1858 | Incumbent retired. Republican hold. |
|
Iowa 3 | None (new seat) | New seat. Republican gain. |
| ||
Iowa 4 | None (new seat) | New seat. Republican gain. |
| ||
Iowa 5 | None (new seat) | New seat. Republican gain. |
| ||
Iowa 6 | None (new seat) | New seat. Republican gain. |
|
Kansas
[edit]Kansas elected its member on November 4, 1862.
Whereas the Union Party replaced the Republicans in most states during the war, the Kansas Republican Party remained active. In a factional schism, opponents of U.S. senator Jim Lane split from the Republican Party in 1862 to form the Union Party with the support of the state's Democrats. This party, which nominated Marcus J. Parrott for Congress, was not affiliated with the national Republican-Union coalition and broke apart during the 1864 presidential election.[31]
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[32] | |
Kansas at-large | Martin F. Conway | Republican | 1859 | Incumbent retired. Republican hold. |
|
Kentucky
[edit]Kentucky elected its members on August 3, 1863, after the new term began but before Congress convened.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[33] | |
Kentucky 1 | Samuel L. Casey | Union Democratic |
1862 | Incumbent retired. Union Democratic hold. |
|
Kentucky 2 | George H. Yeaman | Union Democratic |
1862 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Kentucky 3 | Henry Grider | Union Democratic |
1861 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Kentucky 4 | Aaron Harding | Union Democratic |
1861 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Kentucky 5 | Charles A. Wickliffe | Union Democratic |
1861 | Incumbent retired. Union Democratic loss. |
|
Robert Mallory Redistricted from the 7th district |
Union Democratic |
1859 | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
Kentucky 6 | George W. Dunlap | Union Democratic |
1859 | Incumbent retired. Unconditional Union Democratic gain. |
|
John W. Menzies Redistricted from the 10th district |
Union Democratic |
1861 | Incumbent lost re-election. Union Democratic loss. | ||
Kentucky 7 | Vacant | Incumbent redistricted to the 5th district. Union Democratic hold. |
| ||
Kentucky 8 | John J. Crittenden | Union Democratic |
1861 | Incumbent retired. Union Democratic hold. |
|
Kentucky 9 | William H. Wadsworth | Union Democratic |
1861 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Maine
[edit]Maine elected its members on September 8, 1862.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[32] | |
Maine 1 | John N. Goodwin | Republican | 1860 | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain. |
|
Maine 2 | Charles W. Walton | Republican | 1860 | Incumbent retired. Republican hold. |
|
Maine 3 | Samuel C. Fessenden | Republican | 1860 | Incumbent retired. Republican hold. |
|
Maine 4 | Anson Morrill | Republican | 1856 | Incumbent retired. Republican loss. |
|
John H. Rice Redistricted from the 5th district |
Republican | 1860 | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
Maine 5 | Frederick A. Pike Redistricted from the 6th district |
Republican | 1860 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Maryland
[edit]Maryland elected its members on November 3, 1863, after the new term began but before Congress convened.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[34] | |
Maryland 1 | John W. Crisfield | Union | 1861 | Incumbent lost re-election with a new party. Union hold. |
|
Maryland 2 | Edwin H. Webster | Union | 1859 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Maryland 3 | Cornelius Leary | Union | 1861 | Incumbent retired. Union hold. |
|
Maryland 4 | Henry May | Union and Peace | 1861 | Incumbent retired. Union and Peace loss. |
|
Francis Thomas Redistricted from the 5th district |
Union | 1861 | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
Maryland 5 | Charles B. Calvert Redistricted from the 6th district |
Union | 1861 | Incumbent lost re-election with a new party. Democratic gain. |
|
Massachusetts
[edit]Massachusetts elected its members on November 1, 1862.
Massachusetts Republicans resisted incorporation into the Union Party in 1861 and 1862. Conservative Republicans, former Whigs, and Democrats attended the state convention of the Constitutional Union Party which nominated candidates for the upcoming elections. The convention called itself the People's Party in order to attract votes from Democrats. Conservative former Whigs and Republicans in the party expressed strong support for the Lincoln administration during the spring and summer under the belief that the president firmly opposed emancipation. The Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, issued less than two weeks before the state convention met, helped to divide and defeat the new party in its infancy.[35]
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[32] | |
Massachusetts 1 | Thomas D. Eliot | Republican | 1858 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Massachusetts 2 | James Buffington | Republican | 1854 | Incumbent retired. Republican hold. |
|
Massachusetts 3 | Alexander H. Rice Redistricted from the 4th district |
Republican | 1858 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Massachusetts 4 | Samuel Hooper Redistricted from the 5th district |
Republican | 1861 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Massachusetts 5 | John B. Alley Redistricted from the 6th district |
Republican | 1858 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Massachusetts 6 | Daniel W. Gooch Redistricted from the 7th district |
Republican | 1858 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Massachusetts 7 | Benjamin F. Thomas Redistricted from the 3rd district |
Union | 1861 | Incumbent lost re-election with a new party. Republican gain. |
|
Massachusetts 8 | Charles R. Train | Republican | 1858 | Incumbent retired. Republican hold. |
|
Massachusetts 9 | Vacant[m] | Incumbent died May 8, 1862. Republican hold. |
| ||
Massachusetts 10 | Charles Delano | Republican | 1858 | Incumbent retired. Republican loss. |
|
Henry L. Dawes Redistricted from the 11th district |
Republican | 1856 | Incumbent re-elected. |
Michigan
[edit]Michigan elected its members on November 4, 1862.
A Democratic proposal for a bipartisan Union ticket was rejected by the Radical leadership of the Michigan Republican Party. The Democrats went ahead with plans for a Union state convention and called themselves Union Democrats or Fusionists during the campaign in hopes of attracting votes from disaffected Conservative Republicans. Some conservatives did support the Union ticket, which was disavowed by the Republican state committee.[36]
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[32] | |
Michigan 1 | Fernando C. Beaman Redistricted from the 2nd district |
Republican | 1860 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Michigan 2 | None (new seat) | New seat. Republican gain. |
| ||
Michigan 3 | Bradley F. Granger Redistricted from the 1st district |
Republican | 1860 | Incumbent lost re-election with a new party. Republican hold. |
|
Michigan 4 | Francis W. Kellogg Redistricted from the 3rd district |
Republican | 1858 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Michigan 5 | Rowland E. Trowbridge Redistricted from the 4th district |
Republican | 1860 | Incumbent lost re-election. Union Democratic gain. |
|
Michigan 6 | None (new seat) | New seat. Republican gain. |
|
Minnesota
[edit]Minnesota elected its members on November 4, 1862.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[32] | |
Minnesota 1 | William Windom Redistricted from the at-large district |
Republican | 1859 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Minnesota 2 | Cyrus Aldrich Redistricted from the at-large district |
Republican | 1859 | Incumbent retired to run for U.S. senator. Republican hold. |
|
Mississippi
[edit]Mississippi did not hold elections as a result of secession.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Mississippi 1 | Vacant | Seat vacant since January 9, 1861. No election. |
None. | ||
Mississippi 2 | Vacant | Seat vacant since January 9, 1861. No election. |
None. | ||
Mississippi 3 | Vacant | Seat vacant since January 9, 1861. No election. |
None. | ||
Mississippi 4 | Vacant | Seat vacant since January 9, 1861. No election. |
None. | ||
Mississippi 5 | Vacant | Seat vacant since January 9, 1861. No election. |
None. |
Missouri
[edit]Missouri elected its members on November 4, 1862.
Missouri Unionists contested this election as the Emancipation Party.[37] The party was divided ideologically between conservative Claybanks, who favored a plan of gradual emancipation, and radical Charcoals, who supported immediate emancipation.[38] In St. Louis, Gradual and Immediate Emancipationists ran opposing tickets.[39] Some sources list the Gradual Emancipation candidates as Republicans;[40] however, the Republican state committee deliberately deemphasized old party labels in its call for the state convention which gave rise to the Emancipation Party.[41] Francis Preston Blair Jr., the most prominent leader of the Antebellum Missouri Republican Party, was nominated on the Union Emancipation ticket in Missouri's 1st congressional district and contested the election as a Gradual Emancipationist.[42]
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[43] | |
Missouri 1 | Francis P. Blair Jr. | Republican | 1860 | Incumbent re-elected with a new party. Gradual Emancipation gain. |
|
Missouri 2 | None (new seat) | New seat. Immediate Emancipation gain. |
| ||
Missouri 3 | John B. Clark | Democratic | 1856 | Incumbent retired. Democratic loss. |
|
John W. Noell Redistricted from the 7th district |
Democratic | 1858 | Incumbent re-elected with a new party. Emancipation gain. | ||
Missouri 4 | Elijah H. Norton | Democratic | 1860 | Incumbent retired. Immediate Emancipation gain. |
|
John S. Phelps Redistricted from the 6th district |
Democratic | 1844 | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic loss. | ||
Missouri 5 | Thomas L. Price | Democratic | 1862 | Incumbent lost re-election. Immediate Emancipation gain. |
|
Missouri 6 | Vacant | Incumbent redistricted to the 4th district. Democratic gain. |
| ||
Missouri 7 | None (new seat) | New seat. Immediate Emancipation gain. |
| ||
Missouri 8 | William A. Hall Redistricted from the 3rd district |
Democratic | 1861 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Missouri 9 | James S. Rollins Redistricted from the 2nd district |
Constitutional Union |
1860 | Incumbent re-elected with a new party. Conservative Union gain. |
|
Nebraska Territory
[edit]See non-voting delegates, below.
Nevada Territory
[edit]See non-voting delegates, below.
New Hampshire
[edit]New Hampshire elected its members on March 10, 1863.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[34] | |
New Hampshire 1 | Gilman Marston | Republican | 1859 | Incumbent retired. Democratic gain. |
|
New Hampshire 2 | Edward H. Rollins | Republican | 1861 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
New Hampshire 3 | Thomas M. Edwards | Republican | 1859 | Incumbent retired. Republican hold. |
|
New Mexico Territory
[edit]See non-voting delegates, below.
New Jersey
[edit]New Jersey elected its members November 4, 1862.
![]() | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2021) |
New York
[edit]New York elected its members November 4, 1862. The state lost two seats in reapportionment, going from 33 members to 31.
![]() | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2021) |
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
New York 1 | Edward H. Smith | Democratic | 1860 | Incumbent retired. Democratic hold. |
|
New York 2 | |||||
New York 3 | |||||
New York 4 | |||||
New York 5 | |||||
New York 6 | |||||
New York 7 | |||||
New York 8 | |||||
New York 9 | |||||
New York 10 | |||||
New York 11 | |||||
New York 12 | |||||
New York 13 | |||||
New York 14 | |||||
New York 15 | |||||
New York 16 | |||||
New York 17 | |||||
New York 18 | |||||
New York 19 | |||||
New York 20 | |||||
New York 21 | |||||
New York 22 | |||||
New York 23 | |||||
New York 24 | |||||
New York 25 | |||||
New York 26 | |||||
New York 27 | |||||
New York 28 | |||||
New York 29 | |||||
New York 30 | |||||
New York 31 |
North Carolina
[edit]North Carolina elected no members to the next Congress due to its withdrawal during the Civil War.
Ohio
[edit]Ohio elected its members October 14, 1862.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[46] | |
Ohio 1 | George H. Pendleton | Democratic | 1856 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Ohio 2 | John A. Gurley | Republican | 1858 | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain. |
|
Ohio 3 | Clement Vallandigham | Democratic | 1858 (contested) | Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain. |
|
Ohio 4 | William Allen | Democratic | 1858 | Incumbent retired. Democratic hold. |
|
Ohio 5 | None (new district) | New district. Democratic gain. |
| ||
Ohio 6 | Chilton A. White | Democratic | 1860 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Ohio 7 | Richard A. Harrison | Unionist | 1861 (special) | Incumbent retired. Unionist loss. |
|
Samuel S. Cox Redistricted from the 12th district |
Democratic | 1856 | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
Samuel Shellabarger Redistricted from the 8th district |
Republican | 1860 | Incumbent lost re-election. Republican loss. | ||
Ohio 8 | None (new district) | New district. Democratic gain. |
| ||
Ohio 9 | Warren P. Noble | Democratic | 1860 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Samuel T. Worcester Redistricted from the 13th district |
Republican | 1861 (special) | Incumbent lost re-election. Republican loss. | ||
Ohio 10 | James M. Ashley Redistricted from the 5th district |
Republican | 1858 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Ohio 11 | Valentine B. Horton | Republican | 1860 | Incumbent retired. Democratic gain. |
|
Ohio 12 | Carey A. Trimble Redistricted from the 10th district |
Republican | 1858 | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain. |
|
Ohio 13 | None (new district) | New district. Democratic gain. |
| ||
Ohio 14 | Harrison G. O. Blake | Republican | 1859 (special) | Incumbent retired. Democratic gain. |
|
Ohio 15 | Robert H. Nugen | Democratic | 1860 | Incumbent retired. Democratic loss. |
|
James R. Morris Redistricted from the 17th district |
Democratic | 1860 | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
William P. Cutler Redistricted from the 16th district |
Republican | 1860 | Incumbent lost re-election. Republican loss. | ||
Ohio 16 | None (new district) | New district. Democratic gain. |
| ||
Ohio 17 | None (new district) | New district. Republican gain. |
| ||
Ohio 18 | Sidney Edgerton | Republican | 1858 | Incumbent retired. Republican hold. |
|
Ohio 19 | Albert G. Riddle | Republican | 1860 | Incumbent retired. Republican hold. |
|
Oregon
[edit]Oregon elected its members June 2, 1862.
![]() | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2021) |
Pennsylvania
[edit]Pennsylvania elected its members October 14, 1862.
![]() | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2021) |
Rhode Island
[edit]Rhode Island elected its members April 1, 1863, after the term began but before the Congress convened.
![]() | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2021) |
South Carolina
[edit]South Carolina elected no members to the next Congress due to its withdrawal during the Civil War.
Tennessee
[edit]Tennessee elected no members to the next Congress due to its withdrawal during the Civil War.
Texas
[edit]Texas elected no members to the next Congress due to its withdrawal during the Civil War.
Utah Territory
[edit]See non-voting delegates, below.
Vermont
[edit]Vermont elected its members September 1, 1863, after the term began but before the Congress convened.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates[47] | |
Vermont 1 | E. P. Walton | Republican | 1856 | Incumbent retired. Republican hold. |
|
Vermont 2 | Justin S. Morrill | Republican | 1854 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Vermont 3 | Portus Baxter | Republican | 1860 | Incumbent re-elected. |
Others
|
Virginia
[edit]Virginia elected its members May 28, 1863, but they were all disqualified.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Virginia 1 | Joseph Segar | Unconditional Union |
1861 1862 (disqualified)[48] 1862 (special) |
Incumbent re-elected but disqualified May 17, 1864.[48] Unconditional Union loss. |
|
Virginia 2 | Vacant | New member elected but disqualified May 17, 1864. |
| ||
Virginia 3 | Vacant | ||||
Virginia 4 | Vacant | ||||
Virginia 5 | Vacant | ||||
Virginia 6 | Vacant | ||||
Virginia 7 | Lewis McKenzie | Unconditional Union |
1863 (special) | Incumbent lost re-election. New member elected but disqualified. Unconditional Union loss. |
|
Virginia 8 | Vacant | New member elected January 5, 1863 but disqualified March 2, 1863. |
|
Washington Territory
[edit]See non-voting delegates, below.
West Virginia
[edit]West Virginia elected three representatives on October 22, 1863, after becoming a state on June 20, 1863, but before the Congress convened. It was made up of three districts that previously belonged to Virginia, all of which were vacant before the elections. They were seated on December 7, 1863.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
West Virginia 1 | Vacant | New seat. Unconditional Unionist gain. |
| ||
West Virginia 2 | Vacant | New seat. Unconditional Unionist gain. |
| ||
West Virginia 3 | Vacant | New seat. Unconditional Unionist gain. |
|
Wisconsin
[edit]Wisconsin elected six U.S. Representatives on Election Day, 4 November 1862; Democrats gained three seats.
Three seats were newly apportioned. One incumbent was redistricted and won re-election in his new district, but died on 19 November. Two special elections were held 30 December 1862, to replace him for both the remainder of his old term and his new term.[53]
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Wisconsin 1 | John F. Potter | Republican | 1856 | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain. |
|
Wisconsin 2 | None (new district) | New seat. Republican gain. |
| ||
Wisconsin 3 | A. Scott Sloan | Republican | 1860 | Incumbent retired. Republican hold. |
|
Wisconsin 4 | None (new district) | New seat. Democratic gain. |
| ||
Wisconsin 5 | None (new district) | New seat. Democratic gain. |
| ||
Wisconsin 6 | Luther Hanchett Redistricted from the 2nd district |
Republican | 1860 | Incumbent re-elected. Member-elect died November 23, 1862, leading to two special elections; see above. |
|
Non-voting delegates
[edit]District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Delegate | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Colorado Territory at-large | Hiram Pitt Bennet | Conservative Republican |
1861 | Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Dakota Territory at-large | John Blair Smith Todd | Democratic | 1861 | Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain. Election was later overturned. |
|
Idaho Territory at-large | None (new seat) | Territory established. New delegate elected October 31, 1863 in anticipation of territorial status. Union gain. Delegate seated February 1, 1864. |
| ||
Nebraska Territory at-large | Samuel Gordon Daily | Republican | 1860 (won contest) | Incumbent re-elected in 1862. |
|
Nevada Territory at-large | John Cradlebaugh | Independent | 1861 | Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. Republican gain. |
|
New Mexico Territory at-large | John Sebrie Watts | Republican | 1860–61 | Incumbent retired. Republican hold. |
|
Utah Territory at-large | John M. Bernhisel | Independent | 1850–51 1858–59 (lost) 1860–61 |
Incumbent re-elected. |
|
Washington Territory at-large | William H. Wallace | Republican | 1860–61 | Incumbent retired. Democratic gain. |
|
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ Regular elections only; excluding specials and states admitted after the start of Congress.
- ^ a b Including late elections.
- ^ An additional 58 seats were vacant as a result of secession.[1]
- ^ As the Republican Party.[2]
- ^ 1 War Democrat was elected.
- ^ 8 Union Democrats, 1 Unconditional Union Democrat, and 1 Conservative Unionist were elected.
- ^ Including all members elected as Unionists.
- ^ In 1845, Congress passed a law providing for a uniform date for choosing presidential electors (see: Statutes at Large, 28th Congress, 2nd Session, p. 721). Congressional elections were unaffected by this law, but the date was gradually adopted by the states for congressional elections as well.
- ^ New state.
- ^ Subsequently, 3 seats were transferred to the new state of West Virginia.
- ^ After 3 seats were reassigned from Virginia to West Virginia.
- ^ Dubin lists the Union candidates as Republicans; however, the Illinois Republican Party had reformed as the Union Party earlier in 1862.[28]
- ^ The Republican incumbent Goldsmith Bailey died prior to the election.
- ^ Dubin lists Rollins as a Democrat;[32] however, Rollins's biographer clarifies that Rollins was elected as a Conservative Unionist and joined the Democratic Party toward the end of his term.[44]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Dubin 1998, p. 197.
- ^ Dubin 1998, p. 191.
- ^ "Electing the House of Representatives". University of Richmond. Retrieved June 17, 2023.
- ^ Silbey 1977, pp. 143–44.
- ^ McPherson 1988, pp. 557, 560.
- ^ Allardice 2011, p. 103.
- ^ Smith 2006, p. 58.
- ^ Hood 1978.
- ^ Baker 1973; Parrish 1971.
- ^ McPherson 1988, pp. 560–61.
- ^ Smith 2006, p. 57; Holt 1992, p. 38; Allardice 2011, p. 102.
- ^ Smith 2006, p. 41.
- ^ Parrish 1971, pp. 92–93; Emancipation Convention 1862, p. 5; Annual Cyclopaedia 1863, p. 595.
- ^ Holt 1992, p. 38.
- ^ McPherson 1988, p. 561.
- ^ Smith 2006, pp. 57–58.
- ^ Dubin 1998, p. 195.
- ^ Clymer 2013.
- ^ Dubin, p. 197.
- ^ 12 Stat. 633
- ^ 13 Stat. 32
- ^ 9 Stat. 432
- ^ 12 Stat. 353
- ^ Dubin 2014, p. 190.
- ^ a b Dubin 2014, p. 196.
- ^ a b Dubin 2014, p. 195.
- ^ a b Dubin 1998, p. 193.
- ^ Holt 1992, p. 344.
- ^ Dubin 2014, p. 193.
- ^ Dubin 1998, pp. 193–94.
- ^ Ponce 2011, p. 163–64.
- ^ a b c d e f Dubin 1998, p. 194.
- ^ Dubin 1998, p. 195; Hood 1978, pp. 197–215.
- ^ a b Dubin 1998, p. 196.
- ^ Smith 2006, pp. 62–63.
- ^ Harris 1917, pp. 64–65.
- ^ Anderson 2016, p. 100; Parrish 1963, p. 133; Emancipation Convention 1862, p. 5.
- ^ Parrish 1971, p. 93.
- ^ Annual Cyclopaedia 1863, p. 595.
- ^ Dubin 1998, p. 194; Greeley 1863, p. 62.
- ^ Parrish 1971, pp. 89–90.
- ^ Anderson 2016, p. 103; Evening Journal Almanac 1864, p. 51.
- ^ Dubin 1998, p. 194; Evening Journal Almanac 1864, p. 51.
- ^ Mering 1959, pp. 222–23.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - NY District 1 Race - Nov 04, 1862".
- ^ Smith, Joseph P, ed. (1898). History of the Republican Party in Ohio. Vol. I. Chicago: the Lewis Publishing Company. pp. 150, 151.
- ^ "VT Elections Database » Vermont Election Results and Statistics". VT Elections Database. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
- ^ a b "Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress - Retro Member details". bioguideretro.congress.gov.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - VA - District 01 Race - May 28, 1863". www.ourcampaigns.com.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - VA - District 02 Race - May 28, 1863". www.ourcampaigns.com.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - VA - District 07 Race - May 28, 1863". www.ourcampaigns.com.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - VA - District 08 Race - Jan 05, 1863". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved June 19, 2020.
- ^ "Wisconsin U.S. House Election Results" (PDF). Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 5, 2012. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - CO Territorial Delegate Race - Nov 04, 1862". OurCampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2020.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - DK Territorial Delegate Race - Nov 04, 1862". OurCampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2020.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - ID Territorial Delegate Race - Oct 31, 1863". OurCampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2020.
- ^ "Collections of the NSHS - Volume 18". www.usgennet.org.
Bibliography
[edit]Primary sources
[edit]- Annual Cyclopaedia (1863). The American Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1862. New York.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Emancipation Convention (1862). Proceedings of the Emancipation Convention [...]. St. Louis.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Evening Journal Almanac (1863). The Evening Journal Almanac: 1863. Albany.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Evening Journal Almanac (1864). The Evening Journal Almanac: 1864. Albany.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Greeley, Horace, ed. (1863). The Tribune Almanac and Political Register for 1863. New York.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Greeley, Horace, ed. (1864). The Tribune Almanac and Political Register for 1864. New York.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Secondary sources
[edit]- Allardice, Bruce S. (Spring–Summer 2011). "'Illinois is Rotten with Traitors!' The Republican Defeat in the 1862 State Election". Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society. 104 (1/2): 97–114. JSTOR 41201305.
- Anderson, Kristen Layne (2016). Abolitionizing Missouri: German Immigrants and Racial Ideology in Nineteenth-Century America. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-6198-2.
- Baker, Jean H. (1973). The Politics of Continuity: Maryland Political Parties from 1858 to 1870. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-8018-1418-1.
- Clymer, Adam (October 18, 2013). "Thomas Foley, House Speaker, Dies at 84". New York Times.
- Dubin, Michael J. (March 1, 1998). United States Congressional Elections, 1788–1997: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st through 105th Congresses. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland and Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-0283-0.
- Harris, Wilmer C. (1917). Public Life of Zachariah Chandler, 1851–1875. n.p.: Michigan Historical Commission.
- Holt, Michael F. (1992). Political Parties and American Political Development: From the Age of Jackson to the Age of Lincoln. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-1728-6.
- Hood, James Larry (July 1978). "For the Union: Kentucky's Unconditional Unionist Congressmen and the Development of the Republican Party in Kentucky, 1863–1865". Register of the Kentucky Historical Society. 76 (3): 197–215. JSTOR 23378981.
- Mering, John (April 1959). "The Political Transition of James S. Rollins". Missouri Historical Review. 53 (3): 217–226.
- McPherson, James M. (1988). Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. New York: Oxford University.
- Parrish, William E. (1971). A History of Missouri, Volume 3: 1860 to 1875. Columbia: University of Missouri Press. ISBN 978-0-8262-0108-9.
- Parrish, William E. (1963). Turbulent Partnership: Missouri and the Union, 1861–1865. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press. LCCN 63-8072.
- Ponce, Pearl T., ed. (2011). Kansas's War: The Civil War in Documents. Athens: Ohio University Press.
- Silbey, Joel H. (1977). A Respectable Minority: The Democratic Party in the Civil War Era, 1860–1868. New York: W. W. Norton and Company. ISBN 978-0-393-05648-8.
- Smith, Adam I. P. (2006). No Party Now: Politics in the Civil War North. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-518865-3.
Further reading
[edit]- Congressional Quarterly (1985). Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections (2nd ed.). Washington D.C.: Congressional Quarterly. ISBN 978-0-87187-339-2.
- Martis, Kenneth C. (1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-02-920170-1.
External links
[edit]- Office of the Historian (Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives)