User:Shapeyness/sandbox
Description
[edit]Ingredients and preparation
[edit]Jaffa cakes are small snack cakes on the borderline between cakes and biscuits.[1][2] Generally circular in shape and around 54 mm in diameter,[1] they consist of three layers: a soft sponge base, topped with a layer of orange-flavored jam, and a chocolate coating over the jam.[3] The main ingredients for the sponge are flour, sugar, eggs, and a small amount of water.[1][2] Other ingredients include vegetable oil, humectants, leavening agents such as baking powder, and salt.[1][4] The ingredients are premixed to create a batter before being beaten to aerate the mix and create the right consistency. Baking takes around 6–9 minutes. After baking, the sponge is allowed to cool before the jam layer is added, then the jam is enrobed in chocolate.[1][2][4]
Variations
[edit]The most well-known brand are McVitie's Jaffa Cakes, which use apricot and tangerine jam for the filling and a dark chocolate coating. In addition to the traditional orange-flavoured version, McVities also sell .... flavours. Previous promotional and limited-edition flavours have included....
Other current (and past?) brands
Many variations and fusions also exist, including cake bars, mini rolls, doughnuts, muffins, and gateau cakes.
History
[edit]Upon release, McVitie's Jaffa Cakes.....
WW2
McVitie & Price merged with MacFarlane Lang to form United Biscuits in 1948.[5]
Starting in 1967, the prominence of the McVitie's name on Jaffa Cakes branding was increased in an effort to create a master brand that would boost sales of McVitie's less popular biscuits. At the time, Jaffa Cakes was one of the top six brands of biscuits in the UK.[6] In 1969, the Finnish company Fazer launched its own brand of Jaffa biscuits. The brand was sold to Danone in the 1990s and then to Mondelez before being re-acquired by Fazer in 2016.[7]
Burton's Biscuits began selling a competing brand of Jaffa cakes in the early 1960s.[8]
Under a licensing deal with McVitie's, Jaffa Crvenka was provided access to a United Biscuits factory in February 1975 to gain the technical knowledge to produce Jaffa cakes in a newly built factory in Yugoslavia.[9] Production began later in the year and the Jaffa cakes became available in 1976.[10] Reportedly a success upon release,[11] Crvenka continues to create Jaffa cakes in Serbia as of 2025.[good citation needed] Another brand, Delicje, by the confectionary company E. Wedel, also began production around this time in Poland.[12]
In 1991, after the release of a lemon and lime flavour by Burton's, McVities sued Burton's for "passing off" its Jaffa cakes as McVitie's due to their similar packaging. The judge overseeing the case ruled that Burton's orange-flavoured Jaffa cakes ... but its new lemon and lime flavour could be misinterpreted by consumers as a new variation from McVities. As a result, ... Later that year, Inland Revenue challenged Jaffa cakes' legal status as a VAT-free cake, arguing that they were marketed as chocolate-covered biscuits and should therefore be subject to VAT. McVitie's defended Jaffa cakes' legal status as a cake in a VAT tribunal and—despite their recent legal dispute—Burton's sent their own experts to assist with the case. The tribunal ruled that Jaffa cakes were legally cakes. The case was reportedly won due to a 12-inch Jaffa cake produced by McVitie's to prove its credentials as a cake alongside the argument that cakes harden as they go stale while biscuits go soft, although the judge did list other considerations.
Burton's has produced Jaffa cakes under a variety of brands since the 1990s. Under license from The Coca-Cola Company, they began producing a Kia-Ora branded version of Jaffa cakes in 1996 in an attempt to win market share from McVitie's, which then held over half of the Jaffa cake market according to Nielsen.[13] In 2005, Burton's again started producing a licensed version of Jaffa cakes, this time using Cadbury Jaffa Cakes branding.[14] With a brand revamp in 2012, Jaffa cakes were sold under Burton's Lyons brand name.[15]
Nutrition
[edit]| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy | 1,498 kJ (358 kcal) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
69.3 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sugars | 51.6 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dietary fiber | 1.5 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
8.5 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Saturated | 4.33 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
4.4 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other constituents | Quantity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Water | 12.2 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cholesterol | 9.4 mg | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| †Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[16] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[17] Source: McCance and Widdowson's The Composition of Foods Integrated Dataset 2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Jaffa cakes are approximately 69% carbohydrates, 9% fat, 4% protein, and 12% water. In a reference amount of 100 grams (3.5 oz), Jaffa cakes supply 1,498 kilojoules (358 kcal) of food energy, are a rich source (24% of Daily Value, DV) of copper, and a moderate source (10–20% DV) of riboflavin, vitamin B12, iron, and manganese. Jaffa cakes are high in sugar, which makes up about half of the cake by weight.
Popularised by Alex Ferguson during his time as manager of the football club Manchester United,[18][19] some sports nutritionists recommend Jaffa cakes as a low-fat, carbohydrate-rich snack for post-exercise recovery or as an energy boost before exercise.[18][20][21] However, their high sugar content makes them an unhealthy snack if eaten to excess or without regular exercise.[18]
Normativity and reasons for belief
[edit]Reminder: Add Falbo source to note about zetetic norms when Blackwell Companion to Epistemology, 3rd ed. is released on 21 August (I think)
Possible additions in explanatory footnotes:
Reasons-first epistemology & reasons primitivism? [1], [2], ...
Metaphysics of reasons? [1], [2]
Permissivism and uniqueness? [1], [2]
- ^ a b c d e Davidson, Iain (2023). Biscuit Baking Technology: Processing and Engineering Manual (3rd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 38–42. ISBN 978-0-323-91142-9.
- ^ a b c Manley, Duncan (2011). Manley’s Technology of Biscuits, Crackers and Cookies (4th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 198, 350–352. ISBN 978-1-84569-770-9.
- ^ Cashman, Ryan (2023-03-07). "What Are Jaffa Oranges And Are Jaffa Cakes Made With Them?". Tasting Table. Retrieved 2025-04-27.
- ^ a b Manley, Duncan (2001). Biscuit, Cracker and Cookie Recipes for the Food Industry. CRC Press. pp. 123–125. ISBN 0-8493-1220-5.
- ^ Wood, Zoe (2014-11-03). "Jaffa Cakes and McVitie's maker sold to Turkish food group in £2bn deal". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2025-06-03.
- ^ Eglin, Roger (1967-03-12). "Biscuits into battle". The Observer. p. 7. Retrieved 2025-06-03.
- ^ Nieburg, Oliver (2016-04-28). "Mondelēz sells Domino, Fanipala and Jaffa biscuit brands to Fazer". Confectionery News. Retrieved 2025-06-03.
- ^ "Judge hears case of the Jaffa Cakes". The Daily Telegraph. 1991-07-19. p. 5. Retrieved 2025-06-03.
- ^ "Yugoslavs in deal to bake the biscuit". Staines and District Chronicle. 1975-02-21. p. 15. Retrieved 2025-06-02.
- ^ "MONDO: Kako se pravi Jaffa keks". Mondo.rs (in Serbian). 2013-10-23. Retrieved 2025-06-02.
- ^ "Biscuit royalties". The Daily Telegraph. 1976-09-29. p. 22. Retrieved 2025-06-02.
- ^ Kępa, Marek (2018-11-20). "The Bitter-Sweet Story Of Wedel, Poland's Famous Chocolatier". Culture.pl. Retrieved 2025-06-03.
- ^ Week, Marketing (1996-04-05). "CCSB Jaffa Cakes take on McVitie's". Marketing Week. Retrieved 2025-06-03.
- ^ Chomka, Stefan (2005-08-06). "Burton's set to steal a share". The Grocer. Retrieved 2025-06-04.
- ^ "Major relaunch consolidates Lyons' Biscuits range | Grocery Trader". 2012-08-06. Retrieved 2025-06-04.
- ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 2024-03-27. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
- ^ "TABLE 4-7 Comparison of Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in This Report to Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in the 2005 DRI Report". p. 120. In: Stallings, Virginia A.; Harrison, Meghan; Oria, Maria, eds. (2019). "Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. pp. 101–124. doi:10.17226/25353. ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. NCBI NBK545428.
- ^ a b c Morrissy-Swan, Tomé (2018-03-08). "Jaffa Cakes: the nutritional secret to Sir Alex Ferguson's success with Manchester United?". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2025-06-01.
- ^ Gleeson, Michael (2022-01-01). Nutrition for Top Performance in Football: Eat like the Pros and Take Your Game to the Next Level. Meyer & Meyer Sport. pp. 30–31. ISBN 978-1-78255-882-8.
- ^ Reid, Karen (2013). "Performance Food: Promoting foods with a functional benefit in sports performance". Nutrition Bulletin. 38 (4): 429–437. doi:10.1111/nbu.12065. ISSN 1471-9827.
- ^ Matthews, Helen; Matthews, Martyn (2010). "Nutritional considerations for performance and rehabilitation". In Comfort, Paul; Abrahamson, Earle (eds.). Sports Rehabilitation and Injury Prevention. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 245–274. ISBN 9780470985625.