Sadun Artsruni
Sadun III Artsruni Mankaberdeli[1] Սադուն Բ Արծրունի | |
|---|---|
| Atabeg and Amirspasalar of Georgia | |
| In office 1272–1282 | |
| Preceded by | Ivane III Abuletisdze |
| Succeeded by | Khutlubuga |
| Personal details | |
| Died | 1282 |
| Children | Khutlubuga |
Sadun Artsruni, also Sadun of Mankaberd (Georgian: სადუნ მანკაბერდელი; Armenian: Սադուն Բ Արծրունի) of the House of the Artsrunids, was an Armenian prince, Prince of Haghbat and Mankaberd.[1] He was a court official and became Atabeg (Governor General) and Amirspasalar (Commander-in-Chief of the army) of the Kingdom of Eastern Georgia, and later chamberlain of Avag's daughter Khoshak.[2][3] He was concurrently "Prime Minister" of the Mongol Il-Khan Abaqa.[4]
Biography
[edit]Sadun was a great-grandson of Amir K'urd (Abulasan), governor of Tbilisi during Queen Tamar's reign in Georgia.[2] In 1258, Sadun won a wrestling match in front of the Mongol ruler Hulegu Khan, who gave him the title of Tarkhan. Sadun then accompanied Hulegu in his military campaigns in Syria in 1259, in the conquest of Sasun, and in the capture of the citadel of Aleppo. He was then awarded the district of Sasun from Hulegu.[2]
Throughout the 13th century, the high offices Atabeg (Governor General) and Amirspasalar (Commander-in-Chief of the Georgian army) had been held by the Zakarids, but following the Mongol invasions of Georgia the Mongol victors gave these offices to the "renegade" Sadun of Mankaberd in 1272.[6] When Abaqa became the new Mongol ruler, Sadun received from him the title of Atabeg Amirspasalar for the Georgian Bagratid Kingdom.[7] He was said to be close to the Mongols, and had been promoted by them: "Sadun Artsruni was appointed as atabeg of Georgia by Abaqa Khan".[7][8] In his position, he especially controlled the policies of Eastern Georgia, which, while being ruled by Demetrius II, remained pro-Mongol throughout.[8] Sadun was also awarded control of the royal domains of Telavi, Belakani and Kars, and acquired Dmanisi from Demetrius II.[2] His estate in Georgian Armenia was next to that of the Zakarids.[9][10]
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The rise of Sadun examplifies the way the Mongol maintained control over the Georgian territory, by maintaining the original kingship within the original Bagratid family, through the offices of the atabegi and the amir-spasarali, given to those who were collaborating with them.[9][3]
He was an acquaintance of Shams al-Din Juvayni, a vizier in the service of the Mongols, and organized his marriage with Khoshak, daughter of Avag Zakarian, whom he had had under his supervision.[12]
Sadun married the daughter of Xoja Aziz, a powerful Persian official active in the administration of Georgia.[13] Sadun died in 1282, and his title of Amirspasalar was transmitted to his son Khutlubuga. However, Demetrius II of Georgia blocked Sadun's son Khutlubuga from getting the office of atabeg, and instead promoted Tarsaich Orbelian of the Orbelians.[6][9]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Toumanoff, Cyril. States and Dynasties of Caucasia in the Formative Centuries. p. 200 and note 238.
- ^ a b c d Kitagawa, p. 135.
- ^ a b Dashdondog 2020.
- ^ Toumanoff, Cyril. States and Dynasties of Caucasia in the Formative Centuries. p. 200.
- ^ Eastmond, Antony (1 January 2021). Monumental Painting and the Role of Images in Armenia under the Mongols. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 43. ISBN 978-1588397379.
The paintings at Haghpat were the second set of works at the monastery to change the visual environment of its worshipers. Just before the paintings were commissioned, the monastery had been given another new work of art, a khachkar, which had been commissioned for Khutlu-Buga's father, Sadun, in 1273 (fig. 4.7). (...) Sadun's khachkar stands out from most by the inclusion of figural imagery overlying the traditional symbol of the cross, which now becomes a field for a complex narrative that combines the depiction of the Crucifixion with the Descent from the Cross. (...) The phenomenon of figural khachkars was short lived, and only four such examples are known, all dating from the final decades of the thirteenth century. Like the figural paintings, these khachkars seem to reflect new ideas and artistic forms entering traditional Armenian spaces from an outside source.
- ^ a b Mikaberidze, Alexander (6 February 2015). Historical Dictionary of Georgia. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 150. ISBN 978-1-4422-4146-6.
- ^ a b Dashdondog 2011, p. 166 "Sadun Artsruni was appointed as atabeg of Georgia by Abaqa Khan."
- ^ a b Evaniseli, Gvantsa (8 December 2023). "Reflection of one episode of Georgian history in the 14th century Syrian chronicle – "History of Mar Yahbalaha and Bar Sauma"". აღმოსავლეთმცოდნეობის მაცნე. 6 (2): 106. doi:10.61671/hos.6.2023.7355.
At that time, Demetre II reigned in Eastern Georgia, whose policy was governed by Sadun of Mankaberd, who was close to the Mongols, until his death. Since the latter was promoted by the Ilkhan Khans, it should not be in his interest to go against them. Moreover, during this period, Eastern Georgia's opposition against the Mongols is not visible neither in the Georgian original sources nor anywhere else.
- ^ a b c Kitagawa, pp. 135–136.
- ^ Dashdondog 2011.
- ^ Hakobyan, Zaruhi A. (2021). "The Frescoes of the Haghpat Monastery in the Historical-Confessional Context of the 13th Century". Actual Problems of Theory and History of Art. 11: 265. doi:10.18688/aa2111-02-21.
- ^ Dashdondog 2011, p. 166.
- ^ Margarian, Hayrapet (2006). "Ṣāḥib-dīvān Šams ad-dīn Muḥammad Juvainī and Armenia". Iran & the Caucasus. 10 (2): 174. doi:10.1163/157338406780346032. ISSN 1609-8498. JSTOR 4030920.
Sources
[edit]- Kitagawa, Sei-ichi'. The Rise of the Artsrunisand the rl-Kha-nid Rule over Georgia. The Historical Society of Japan.
- Dashdondog, Bayarsaikhan (2020). Armenian Lords and Mongol Court. Conference: Armenology in Mongolia.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link) - Dashdondog, Bayarsaikhan (2011). The Mongols and the Armenians (1220-1335) (PDF). Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-18635-4.