Jump to content

Cygnus (spacecraft)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Orb Cygnus)

Cygnus
Silver cylindrical spacecraft with gold solar panels amid the blackness of space
Enhanced Cygnus spacecraft approaching the International Space Station for the NG-12 mission
Manufacturer
Country of originUnited States
Operator
  • Orbital Sciences (2013–2015)
  • Orbital ATK (2015–2018)
  • Northrop Grumman (2018–present)
ApplicationsISS resupply
Specifications
Spacecraft typeCargo
BusStar Bus
Dry massStandard: 1,500 kg (3,300 lb)
Enhanced: 1,800 kg (4,000 lb)[2]
Payload capacityStandard: 2,000 kg (4,400 lb)
Enhanced: 3,500 kg (7,700 lb)[2]
Mission B: 5,000 kg (11,000 lb)[3]
VolumeStandard: 18.9 m3 (670 cu ft)
Enhanced: 27 m3 (950 cu ft)[2]
Mission B: 36 m3 (1,300 cu ft)[4]
Power3.5 kW
Design life1 week to 2 years[1]
Dimensions
LengthStandard: 5.14 m (16.9 ft)
Enhanced: 6.39 m (21.0 ft)[2]
Mission B: 7.89 m (25.9 ft)[3]
Diameter3.07 m (10.1 ft)[2]
Production
StatusIn service
On order4
Built22
Launched22
Operational1 (NG-21)
Retired20
Lost1 (Orb-3)
Maiden launchSeptember 18, 2013
Last launchAugust 4, 2024
Related spacecraft
Launch vehicleAntares
Part of a series on
Private spaceflight
Active companies
Active vehicles
Contracts and programs

Cygnus is an expendable American automated cargo spacecraft designed for International Space Station (ISS) resupply missions. It was initially developed by Orbital Sciences Corporation with financial support from NASA under the Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program. To create Cygnus, Orbital paired a pressurized cargo module, largely based on the Multi-Purpose Logistics Module, built by Thales Alenia Space and previously used by the Space Shuttle for ISS resupply, with a service module based on Orbital's GEOStar, a satellite bus. After a successful demonstration flight in 2013, Orbital was chosen to receive a Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) contract. A larger Enhanced Cygnus was introduced in 2015. Orbital Sciences merged into Orbital ATK in 2015; Northrop Grumman purchased Orbital ATK in 2018 and has continued to operate Cygnus missions. A further enlarged Mission B Cygnus is expected to be introduced in 2025.

Cygnus is typically launched using its parent company's Antares rocket from the Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia, however it is able to fly on other launch vehicles. After the failure of an Antares rocket destroyed Cygnus CRS Flight 3 and damaged the Wallops facility, two Cygnus missions were launched with Atlas V rockets in 2015 and 2016. Additionally, two Cygnus missions have launched on the Falcon 9 rocket in 2024 with one more scheduled to launch in 2025, operated by CRS competitor SpaceX.

In addition to Cygnus, ISS resupply missions have been flown by the Russian Progress spacecraft, the European Automated Transfer Vehicle, the Japanese H-II Transfer Vehicle and the American SpaceX Dragon.

Cygnus is the Greek word for swan and the name of a constellation.

Development

[edit]

After the retirement of the Space Shuttle was announced, NASA began to look for commercial space launch companies who could fly cargo to the ISS. In early 2006, the agency started its Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program, where it would help fund the development of cargo spacecraft after a competitive process. SpaceX and Rocketplane Kistler won contracts in the COTS program, however Rocketplane Kistler failed to meet several financial milestones and on October 18, 2007, NASA announced it would terminate its contract and re-award it after a second competition.[5][6]

Orbital Sciences Corporation participated in this second round, proposing a largely "off-the-shelf" design. The spacecraft, named Cygnus, would be built around a service module based on Orbital's Star Bus, a satellite bus in use since 1997, which would be attached to a pressurized cargo module built by Thales Alenia Space, which had also built the MPLM cargo module used by the Space Shuttle, the cargo module for the European ATV spacecraft and several permanent modules on the ISS.[7]

Cygnus was awarded a COTS contract worth $170 million in February 2008, which was later increased to $288 million. On December 23, 2008, NASA awarded Orbital Sciences a $1.9 billion contract under the Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) program. Under this contract, Orbital Sciences agreed to deliver up to 20 tons of cargo to the ISS through 2016 in eight Cygnus spacecraft flights.[8]

To propel Cygnus into space, Orbital developed the Antares rocket, which also leveraged lower-cost, off-the-shelf parts and designs. Construction and design of the first stage was subcontracted to Ukrainian companies and used refurbished NK-33 engines, remnants of the Soviet N1 moon rocket. The second stage was the Castor 30, which Orbital had previously used on another rocket project (the Minotaur-C) and was based on a Peacekeeper ICBM first stage.

The first Cygnus flight was originally planned to occur in December 2010, but was repeatedly delayed.[9][10] The Antares made its maiden flight lifting a payload mass simulator to low Earth orbit on April 21, 2013. On September 18, 2013, Antares successfully launched a Cygnus spacecraft on a flight test to rendezvous with the International Space Station.[11] On January 12, 2014, the first scheduled Cygnus resupply mission arrived at the space station; the capsule carried Christmas presents and fresh fruit for the astronauts. Its arrival was delayed, first by the need to repair the station, and then by frigid weather at the launch site and solar flares that forced postponements.[11][12]

With the December 2015 launch of Orb CRS-4 on Atlas V, the enhanced version of Cygnus made its debut. While it was planned from the beginning to fly on the fifth mission, the Orb CRS-3 failure and subsequent move to Atlas V meant a delay. However, lessons learned on packing and the extra capabilities of the Atlas allowed payload to be increased to 3,500 kg (7,700 lb).[13]

Design

[edit]
A scale drawing of the Standard (left) and Enhanced (right) Cygnus

The Cygnus spacecraft consists of two basic components: the Service Module (SM) and the Pressurized Cargo Module (PCM).

The SM was based on prior products developed by Orbital including the GEOStar and LEOStar (collectively known as Star Bus) satellite buses and the Dawn spacecraft. It has a gross mass of 1,800 kg (4,000 lb), 32 thrusters for attitude control and one BT-4 main engine[14] fuelled with 800 kg (1,800 lb) of hypergolic propellants, hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide.[15][16] The SM is capable of producing up to 4 kW of electrical power via two solar arrays.[17][18] During a typical CRS missions, Cygnus maneuvers close to the International Space Station, where the Canadarm2 robotic arm grapples the spacecraft and berths it to a Common Berthing Mechanism, typically the nadir (Earth facing) port of the Unity module.[17]

The Standard Cygnus being unberthed from the Harmony module

The PCM is manufactured by Thales Alenia Space in Turin, Italy. The first "Standard" PCMs had a length of 5.14 meters (16.9 ft), a payload capacity of 2,000 kilograms (4,400 lb), and a pressurized cargo volume of 18.9 cubic metres (670 cu ft).[17]

The fourth and several subsequent Cygnus spacecraft are the "Enhanced" variant.[18] These have a stretched PCM with a length of 6.39 meters (21.0 ft), a payload capacity of 3,500 kilograms (7,700 lb), an increase of 32%, and a pressurized cargo volume of 27 cubic metres (950 cu ft), an increase of 19.5%.[19] To launch the added weight, Orbital used the more powerful Castor 30XL solid-fuel rocket as a second-stage.

A further enlarged "Mission B" Cygnus was announced by Northrop Grumman in August 2023. It will have a length of 7.89 meters (25.9 ft), a payload capacity of 5,000 kilograms (11,000 lb), an increase of 19.5%, and a pressurized cargo volume of 36 cubic metres (1,300 cu ft), an increase of 15.5%.[3] This version is expected to enter service with the NG-23 mission in the fourth quarter of 2025 (the first to use the new Antares 330 launch vehicle).[3]

An earlier proposed version of Cygnus would have replaced the PCM with the Unpressurized Cargo Module (UCM), based on NASA's ExPRESS Logistics Carrier, and would have been used to transport unpressurized cargo, such as ISS Orbital Replacement Units.[9][20] Another proposed variant would have replaced the PCM with the Return Cargo Module (RCM), which would have allowed Cygnus to return cargo to Earth.[9]

Cygnus does not provide cargo return capability. However, it can be loaded with obsolete equipment and trash which will burn up as the Cygnus makes a destructive reentry.[21]

Lunar Gateway module variant

[edit]

In August 2019, NASA decided to sole source its design for the Minimal Habitation Module (Habitation and Logistics Outpost, or HALO) of the Lunar Gateway to Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems, which offered a minimalist 6.1 m (20 ft) by 3 m (9.8 ft) design based directly on the Enhanced Cygnus, as well as a larger 7 m (23 ft) by 4.4 m (14 ft) design[22][23] having radial docking ports, body-mounted radiators (BMRs), batteries and communications antennas added on the outside. Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems opted to build the minimalist design, which offered the advantage of component compatibility and expedited testing of life support systems on existing Cygnus spacecraft.[24][25] On June 5, 2020, NASA awarded Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems a $187 million contract to complete the preliminary design of HALO. NASA will sign a separate contract with Northrop for the fabrication of the HALO, and for integration with the Power and Propulsion Element (PPE), being built by Maxar.[24][25]

Missions

[edit]

The following list includes only missions that have flown and six planned missions. As of August 2024 one more mission is planned to be launched on the Falcon 9 rocket from Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 40, and three from Wallops on an Antares 330. Cygnus is the only cargo freighter to launch on four different launch vehicles: the Antares 100 series, Atlas V, Antares 200 series and Falcon 9 Block 5.[26] Each mission is named for a notable member of the Human spaceflight community.

# Mission Patch Launch date (UTC) Launch vehicle Variant Payload mass Outcome Ref.
1 Orb-D1
G. David Low 		(patch) September 18, 2013, 14:58:00 Antares 110 Standard 1,299 lb (589 kg) Success [27][28][29][30]
First Cygnus mission, first mission to rendezvous with ISS, first mission to berth with ISS, second launch of Antares. Docking to ISS delayed due to a computer data link problem,[31] which was later was resolved.[32]
2 Orb-1
C. Gordon Fullerton 		January 9, 2014, 18:07:05 Antares 120 Standard 2,780 lb (1,260 kg) Success [28][29][33][30]
First Commercial Resupply Service (CRS) mission for Cygnus, first Antares launch using the Castor 30B upper stage.
3 Orb-2
Janice E. Voss 		July 13, 2014, 16:52:14 Antares 120 Standard 3,293 lb (1,494 kg) Success [29][30]
4 Orb-3
Deke Slayton 		October 28, 2014, 22:22:38 Antares 130 Standard 4,883 lb (2,215 kg) Failure [34][30]
First Antares launch to use Castor 30XL upperstage. Suffered a catastrophic anomaly resulting in an explosion shortly after launch, damaging launch pad. Contents of the cargo included food and packages for the crew, parts, experiments, and the Arkyd-3 flight test system from Planetary Resources.
5 OA-4
Deke Slayton II 		December 6, 2015, 21:44:57 Atlas V 401 Enhanced 7,746 lb (3,514 kg) Success [35][36][30]
First flight of Enhanced Cygnus spacecraft. Due to damage at launch pad after the explosion of the Antares rocket carrying Orb-3, Orbital contracted with United Launch Alliance to launch this Cygnus on an Atlas V rocket from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. First of three missions to fly on an Atlas V rocket.
6 OA-6
Rick Husband 		March 23, 2016, 03:05:52 Atlas V 401 Enhanced 7,758 lb (3,519 kg) Success [35][37][36][38][30]
Second of three missions to fly on an Atlas V rocket.
7 OA-5
Alan Poindexter 		October 17, 2016, 23:45:36 Antares 230 Enhanced 5,163 lb (2,342 kg) Success [39][40][41]
First flight of an Antares 200 series rocket.
8 OA-7
John Glenn 		April 18, 2017, 15:11:26 Atlas V 401 Enhanced 7,443 lb (3,376 kg) Success [42][43][37][36][38][30]
Third of three missions to fly on an Atlas V rocket.
9 OA-8E
Gene Cernan 		November 12, 2017, 12:19:51 Antares 230 Enhanced 7,359 lb (3,338 kg) Success [44][43][37][36][38]
November 11, 2017, launch was scrubbed just before launch when a general aviation aircraft entered the hazard zone and did not respond to calls.[45]
10 OA-9E
J.R. Thompson 		May 21, 2018, 08:44:06 Antares 230 Enhanced 7,385 lb (3,350 kg) Success [46][47]
First a commercial vehicle to perform ISS reboosting when, at 20:25 UTC on July 10, 2018, Cygnus's main engine was fired for about 50 seconds. Raised ISS altitude by about 295 ft (90 m).[48]
11 NG-10
John Young 		November 17, 2018, 09:01:31 Antares 230 Enhanced 7,386 lb (3,350 kg) Success [49][50]
12 NG-11
Roger Chaffee 		April 17, 2019, 20:46:07 Antares 230 Enhanced 7,575 lb (3,436 kg) Success [51]
13 NG-12
Alan Bean 		November 2, 2019, 13:59:47 Antares 230+ Enhanced 8,221 lb (3,729 kg) Success
14 NG-13
Robert H. Lawrence 		February 15, 2020, 20:21:01 Antares 230+ Enhanced 8,009 lb (3,633 kg) Success [52]
February 9, 2020, launch attempt scrubbed due to a ground support issue.[53]
15 NG-14
Kalpana Chawla 		October 3, 2020, 01:16:14 Antares 230+ Enhanced 7,624 lb (3,458 kg) Success [54]
October 1, 2020, launch attempt delayed due to boat in range,[55] later scrubbed due to a ground support issue.[56]
16 NG-15
Katherine Johnson 		February 20, 2021, 17:36:50 Antares 230+ Enhanced 8,400 lb (3,800 kg) Success
17 NG-16
Ellison Onizuka 		August 10, 2021, 22:01:05 Antares 230+ Enhanced 8,208 lb (3,723 kg) Success [57]
18 NG-17
Piers Sellers 		February 19, 2022, 17:40:03 Antares 230+ Enhanced 8,049 lb (3,651 kg) Success
Performed the first operational reboost of ISS by a commercial vehicle on June 25, 2022, after it was aborted after few seconds on June 20, 2022.[58][59]
19 NG-18
Sally Ride 		November 7, 2022, 10:32:42 Antares 230+ Enhanced 8,173 lb (3,707 kg) Success [60][61][62]
November 6, 2022, launch attempt scrubbed due to fire alarm in mission control.[63]
20 NG-19
Laurel Clark 		August 2, 2023, 00:31:14 Antares 230+ Enhanced 8,345 lb (3,785 kg) Success [64][61]
Final flight on an Antares 200 series rocket.
21 NG-20
Patricia "Patty" Hilliard Robertson 		January 30, 2024, 17:07:15 Falcon 9 Block 5 (B1077-10) Enhanced 8,345 lb (3,785 kg) Success [65]
Northrop Grumman contracted with SpaceX to launch this Cygnus on a Falcon 9 Block 5 rocket from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station. First of three missions to fly on a Falcon 9 Block 5 rocket.
22 NG-21
Francis R. "Dick" Scobee 		August 4, 2024, 15:02:23 Falcon 9 Block 5 (B1080-10) Enhanced 8,503 lb (3,857 kg) Success [66]
Second of three missions to fly on a Falcon 9 Block 5 rocket.
23 NG-22
TBA 		TBA TBA Enhanced TBA Indefinitely delayed [67]
Third of three missions to fly on a Falcon 9 Block 5 rocket. Originally scheduled to fly in January 2025, but delayed until June due to avionics issue. Cargo module damaged during shipment to Cape Canaveral which has indefinitely delayed the launch.[68][69]
24 NG-23
TBA 		September 2025 Falcon 9 Block 5 Mission B TBA Planned [3][70]
First flight of extended Cygnus Mission B spacecraft. Third of three missions to fly on a Falcon 9 Block 5 rocket.
25 NG-24
TBA 		2026 Antares 330 Mission B TBA Planned [71]
26 NG-25
TBA 		2026 Antares 330 Mission B TBA Planned [72]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2012" (PDF). Federal Aviation Administration. February 2012. Retrieved February 8, 2013.
  2. ^ a b c d e Blau, Patrick. "Cygnus". Spaceflight101. Retrieved June 19, 2024.
  3. ^ a b c d e Foust, Jeff (August 3, 2023). "Northrop Grumman planning Cygnus upgrades". SpaceNews. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
  4. ^ Parsonson, Andrew (May 14, 2024). "Thales Alenia Space Delivers Pressurized Module for 21st Cygnus Spacecraft". European Spaceflight. Retrieved June 20, 2024.
  5. ^ "Time Runs out for RpK; New COTS Competition Starts Immediately". Space.com. October 19, 2007. Retrieved March 1, 2011.
  6. ^ Bergin, Chris (February 19, 2008). "Orbital beat a dozen competitors to win NASA COTS contract". NASASpaceflight.com. Retrieved August 14, 2015.
  7. ^ "Cygnus". eoPortal. Retrieved September 9, 2024.
  8. ^ "NASA Taps SpaceX, Orbital Sciences to Haul Cargo to Space Station". Space.com. December 23, 2008. Retrieved March 1, 2011.
  9. ^ a b c "Space Act Agreement with NASA and Orbital for COTS" (PDF). NASA. February 27, 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 7, 2013. Retrieved March 30, 2012.
  10. ^ "Orbital Sciences To Build Taurus II". AviationWeek.com. Archived from the original on May 21, 2011. Retrieved March 1, 2011.
  11. ^ a b Byerly, Josh; Perrotto, Trent J. (September 2013). "NASA Partner Orbital Sciences Launches Demonstration Mission to Space Station". Press RELEASE 13-284 (Press release). NASA. Retrieved September 19, 2013.
  12. ^ "Christmas delivery finally for space station". January 12, 2014.
  13. ^ Gebhardt, Chris (August 31, 2015). "Enhanced Cygnus to help Orbital ATK meet CRS contract by 2017". NASASpaceflight.com. Retrieved August 31, 2015.
  14. ^ "ISS: Cygnus".
  15. ^ "The Cygnus cargo ship".
  16. ^ "NG-14 Mission Profile" (PDF). Northrop Grumman. Retrieved November 5, 2022.
  17. ^ a b c "ISS Payload Opportunities on Cygnus" (PDF). Orbital Sciences Corporation. 2015. Retrieved July 9, 2016.
  18. ^ a b "Cygnus Enhanced Spacecraft to Use Ultraflex Solar Arrays". Orbital Sciences. November 2011. Retrieved March 30, 2012.
  19. ^ Bergin, Chris (February 22, 2012). "Space industry giants Orbital upbeat ahead of Antares debut". NasaSpaceflight (not affiliated with NASA). Retrieved March 29, 2012.
  20. ^ Whitesides, Loretta (February 20, 2008). "Orbital Sciences Scores NASA's Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) Award Worth $170M". Wired. Retrieved March 30, 2012.
  21. ^ "Cygnus Advanced Manoeuvring Spacecraft Fact Sheet" (PDF). European Space Agency. September 1, 2010. Retrieved April 2, 2012.
  22. ^ Foust, Jeff (July 23, 2019). "NASA to sole source Gateway habitation module to Northrop Grumman". SpaceNews. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
  23. ^ Messier, Doug (July 23, 2019). "NASA Awards Contract to Northrop Grumman for Gateway Habitat Module". Parabolic Arc. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
  24. ^ a b "NASA signs Gateway habitat design contract with Northrop Grumman". Spaceflight Now. June 9, 2020. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
  25. ^ a b Gebhardt, Chris (August 7, 2020). "Northrop Grumman outlines HALO plans for Gateway's central module". NASASpaceflight.com. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
  26. ^ Evans, Ben (August 12, 2022). "Antares 330 Targets NET Mid-2024 Launch, SpaceX to Fly Three Cygnus Missions". AmericaSpace. Retrieved August 21, 2022.
  27. ^ "First flight of Cygnus cargo craft delayed to September". Spaceflight Now. May 6, 2013. Retrieved August 7, 2013.
  28. ^ a b Pearlman, Robert Z. (December 9, 2013). "Orbital Sciences Names Next Private Space Station Freighter for NASA Astronaut". collectSpace.com. Retrieved December 9, 2013.
  29. ^ a b c "Worldwide launch schedule". spaceflightnow.com. Archived from the original on September 11, 2013. Retrieved August 9, 2013.
  30. ^ a b c d e f g Justin Ray (November 4, 2016). "Atlas 5 rocket to launch space station cargo delivery mission in March". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved November 5, 2016.
  31. ^ "Computer mishap delays space station supply ship, Va. company says arrival at least 2 days off". Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 22, 2013. Retrieved September 22, 2013.
  32. ^ Bergin, Chris (September 28, 2013). "Orbital's Cygnus successfully berthed on the ISS". NASASpaceFlight. Retrieved October 8, 2013.
  33. ^ "ISS Commercial Resupply Services Mission (Orb-1)". Orbital Sciences. Retrieved January 8, 2014.
  34. ^ "Worldwide launch schedule". spaceflightnow.com. Archived from the original on September 11, 2013. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
  35. ^ a b Kramer, Miriam (December 9, 2014). "Private Cargo Spacecraft Gets New Rocket Ride After Accident". Space.com. Retrieved August 12, 2015.
  36. ^ a b c d "Orbital ATK Team on Track for Fall 2015 Cygnus Mission and Antares Return to Flight in 2016". Orbital ATK. August 12, 2015. Retrieved August 12, 2015.
  37. ^ a b c "Orbital ATK Updates Progress on International Space Station Cargo Delivery Program for NASA". Orbital ATK. August 12, 2015. Retrieved August 12, 2015.
  38. ^ a b c "Orbital ATK Orders Second Atlas 5, Leaves Door Open for More". SpaceNews.com. August 12, 2015. Retrieved August 12, 2015.
  39. ^ Foust, Jeff (September 13, 2016). "Antares return to flight now planned for early October". spacenews.com. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
  40. ^ NASA (March 30, 2015). "Orbital ATK Launch Updates". Retrieved October 18, 2016.
  41. ^ "Cygnus Attached to Station's Unity Module | Space Station". blogs.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on May 7, 2019. Retrieved October 24, 2016.
  42. ^ Ray, Justin (June 4, 2017). "S.S. John Glenn freighter departs space station after successful cargo delivery". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved June 6, 2017.
  43. ^ a b "Cargo Resupply Services". Orbital Sciences. Archived from the original on December 11, 2013. Retrieved December 8, 2013.
  44. ^ Clark, Stephen (April 28, 2017). "Launch Schedule". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved April 28, 2017.
  45. ^ Campbell, Lloyd (November 11, 2017). "Antares OA-8 Launch Scrubbed". SpaceFlight Insider. Archived from the original on November 11, 2017.
  46. ^ Clark, Stephen (May 21, 2018). "Antares rocket launch kicks off space station's next commercial cargo delivery". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved May 23, 2018.
  47. ^ Clark, Stephen (July 15, 2018). "Cygnus cargo ship released from space station, heads for extended mission". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved August 14, 2018.
  48. ^ "Northrop Grumman's OA-9 Cygnus leaves International Space Station". July 15, 2018.
  49. ^ Leone, Dan (August 17, 2015). "NASA Orders Two More ISS Cargo Missions From Orbital ATK". SpaceNews.com. Retrieved August 17, 2015.
  50. ^ "NG-10 Antares rocket launches successfully from NASA Wallops to ISS". Delmarva Daily Times. Retrieved November 17, 2018.
  51. ^ Clark, Stephen. "Live coverage: Countdown begins for Antares launch from Virginia – Spaceflight Now". Retrieved April 17, 2019.
  52. ^ Yan, Isabelle (February 14, 2020). "Latest Weather Update for Northrop Grumman's CRS-13 Launch: 85% Favorable". nasa.gov. NASA. Retrieved February 14, 2020.
  53. ^ Bartels, Meghan; Malik, Tariq (February 9, 2020). "Northrop Grumman aborts Cygnus cargo launch to space station". Space.com.
  54. ^ Gohd, Chelsea (October 2, 2020). "Antares rocket launches new astronaut toilet and more to space station for NASA". Space.com. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
  55. ^ Powers, Kelly (October 2, 2020). "NASA Wallops scrubs NG-14 mission rocket launch toward ISS Thursday". The Daily Times. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
  56. ^ Malik, Tariq (October 2, 2020). "Northrop Grumman aborts launch of Antares rocket carrying NASA cargo minutes before liftoff". Space.com. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
  57. ^ "NASA Invites Media to Northrop Grumman's August Launch from Virginia". NASA (Press release). July 7, 2021. Retrieved July 7, 2021.
  58. ^ "Northrop Grumman rocket launches Cygnus cargo ship on 2-day trip to space station". Space.com. February 19, 2022.
  59. ^ "Schedule of ISS flight events (part 2)". forum.nasaspaceflight.com. Retrieved June 16, 2022.
  60. ^ Garner, Rob (November 7, 2022). "Liftoff of Northrop Grumman's CRS-18 Antares Rocket – NASA's Northrop Grumman CRS-18 Commercial Resupply Mission". NASA Blogs. Retrieved November 7, 2022.
  61. ^ a b Clark, Stephen (April 15, 2023). "Launch Schedule". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved April 15, 2023.
  62. ^ Mars, Kelli (November 2022). "Overview for Northrop Grumman's 18th Commercial Resupply Mission". NASA. Archived from the original on November 7, 2022. Retrieved November 8, 2022. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  63. ^ Garner, Rob (November 6, 2022). "Today's Launch Postponed – NASA's Northrop Grumman CRS-18 Commercial Resupply Mission". NASA Blogs. Retrieved November 7, 2022.
  64. ^ Grey, Charles (August 3, 2023). "Northrop Grumman Launch Marks 10 Years of ISS Resupply Missions". AIR SPACE News. Retrieved August 5, 2023.
  65. ^ Robinson-Smith, Will (January 30, 2024). "SpaceX launches Northrop Grumman's Cygnus spacecraft on its way to the Space Station". Spaceflight Now.
  66. ^ "Falcon 9 Block 5 – CRS NG-21". Next Spaceflight. Retrieved April 20, 2024.
  67. ^ Baylor, Michael. "Falcon 9 Block 5 – CRS NG-22". Next Spaceflight. Retrieved April 20, 2024.
  68. ^ Robinson-Smith, Will (March 12, 2025). "Hydraulics issue on strongback causes scrub of Crew-10 launch". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved March 13, 2025.
  69. ^ Berger, Eric (March 26, 2025). "After a spacecraft was damaged en route to launch, NASA says it won't launch". Ars Technica. Retrieved March 27, 2025.
  70. ^ "Falcon 9 Block 5 – CRS NG-23". Next Spaceflight. July 30, 2023. Retrieved July 31, 2023.
  71. ^ "Antares 330 – CRS NG-24". Next Spaceflight. July 30, 2023. Retrieved July 31, 2023.
  72. ^ Baylor, Michael. "Antares 330 – CRS NG-25". Next Spaceflight. Retrieved April 22, 2023.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cygnus spacecraft.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cygnus_(spacecraft)&oldid=1303963984"