List of Georgia and Florida slave traders
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This is a list of American slave traders working in Georgia and Florida from 1776 until 1865.
Note 1: The importation of slaves from overseas was prohibited by the Continental Congress during the American Revolutionary War but resumed locally afterwards, including through the port of Savannah, Georgia (until 1798).[1] Especially in the 1790s, slavers sailing out of Rhode Island would go directly to Africa and trade rum for captives and then sell them in either Cuba or Georgia, wherever the prices were better that season.[2]
Note 2: It was technically illegal to import slaves into Georgia from other states from 1788 until the law was repealed in 1856,[3] but there was no law prohibiting the sale of slaves just across the border in the lands of the Cherokee Nation in what became the northwest quadrant of the state after Indian Removal, or across the Savannah River in Hamburg, South Carolina, maybe across the Chattahoochee River from Columbus in Alabama, or perhaps in Tallahassee in the Florida Territory.
- W. E. Archer[4]
- J. B. Allgood, Macon[5]
- Austin, Georgia and Virginia[6]
- A. K. Ayer, Columbus, Ga.[7]
- Thomas Bagby, Macon, Ga.[8]
- William K. Bagby, Atlanta, Ga.[9]
- Robert Beasley, Macon, Ga.[10]
- Bebee, Atlanta, Ga.[11]
- Blount & Dawson, Savannah[12]
- Alexander Bryan, Savannah[13][5]
- Joseph Bryan, Savannah[12]
- Busster, Georgia[14]
- Redmond Bunn, Macon, Ga.[15]
- Curtiss Carroll, Georgia[16]
- Clark & Grubb, Atlanta[17]
- Robert M. Clarke, Atlanta, Ga.[18][19][20]
- Amaziah Cobb, Georgia[21]
- Charles Collins, Macon[22]
- Joseph M. Cooper, Macon, Ga.[10][15]
- W. S. Cothron, Floyd, Ga.[23]
- Crawford, Frazer & Co., Atlanta, Ga., principals Robert Crawford, Addison D. Frazer, and Thomas Lafayette Frazer[18]
- James Dean (or Deane), Macon[4]
- Milledge Durham and William Brightwell, Georgia[24]
- Fields & Gresham, Atlanta, Ga.[18]
- Theophilus Freeman, Georgia, Virginia, and New Orleans[25]
- L. Graves[4]
- George Griffin, Georgia[26]
- S. H. Griffin, Atlanta[27]
- Henry C. Halcomb, Atlanta, Ga.[9]
- George Harris, Georgia[28]
- Charles S. Harrison, Columbus, Ga.[29][7]
- W. H. Henderson, Atlanta, Ga.[18]
- W. C. Hewitt, Macon, Ga.[30]
- Inman, Cole & Co., Atlanta, Ga.[18]
- George W. Jones, Virginia and Georgia[31]
- Jones & Robinson, Georgia[32]
- John Jossey, Macon[22]
- Jerrome, Danbury, Ga.[33]
- Zephaniah Kingsley, Florida
- Jesse Kirby and John Kirby, Virginia and Georgia[34]
- Charles A. L. Lamar[5]
- Lowe & Simmons, Columbus, Ga.[35]
- McRiley, Georgia[36]
- Meinhard brothers, Savannah[12]
- Miller and Waterman, Macon[37]
- John S. Montmollin, Savannah[13]
- Dick Mulhundro, Virginia and Georgia[38]
- Myers & Thomas, Columbus, Ga.[39]
- Thomas Napier, Macon, Ga.[10]
- Jack Nickols, Georgia and Alabama[40]
- George Nixon, Carolinas, Georgia, Alabama[41]
- G. H. Noel, Macon, Ga.[10]
- James G. Noel, Macon, Ga.[8]
- Joe Norris, Georgia (?)[42]
- Nowell, Macon[43]
- Nowland, Virginia and Georgia[44]
- A. J. Orr and D. W. Orr, Macon, Ga.[45]
- Edward A. Parker, Macon, Ga.[46]
- W. R. Phillips, Macon, Ga.[10]
- Rafe Phillips, Macon[4]
- George I. Pitts, Columbus, Ga.[29]
- Ponder brothers (Ephraim G. Ponder, James Ponder, John G. Ponder, William G. Ponder), Tallahassee, Fla. and Atlanta and Thomas County, Ga.[47]
- Annie Poore, Georgia[48]
- Zachariah A. Rice, Atlanta, Ga.[49]
- Robinson, South Carolina and Georgia[50]
- John Robinson, Georgia[32]
- E. H. Simmons, Virginia and Georgia[51]
- Shadrack F. Slatter[52]
- B. D. Smith, Atlanta, Ga.[18]
- Smith & Co., Macon[22]
- Charles F. Stubbs, Macon, Ga.[10][53]
- Henry Teuker, Virginia and Georgia[54]
- John Thornton, South Carolina and Dalton, Ga.[55]
- N. C. Trowbridge, Augusta, Ga. & Hamburg, S.C.[56]
- Wadkins, Virginia and Georgia[57]
- Mat Warner, Virginia and Georgia[58]
- Robert Watts, Savannah[59]
- William Watkins, Atlanta, Ga.[49]
- Weatherby, Augusta, Ga.[60]
- Winston & Dixon, Georgia[61]
- William Wright, Savannah[5]
See also
[edit]- History of slavery in Georgia
- Amelia Island
- Florida Patriot War
- Seminole Wars
- List of Alabama slave traders
- List of District of Columbia slave traders
- List of Kentucky slave traders
- List of Maryland and Delaware slave traders
- List of Missouri slave traders
- Family separation in American slavery
- List of largest slave sales in the United States
- Movement to reopen the transatlantic slave trade
- Kidnapping into slavery in the United States
- Bibliography of the slave trade in the United States
- Slave markets and slave jails in the United States
References
[edit]- ^ Marques, Leonardo. "The United States and the Transatlantic Slave Trade to the Americas, 1776–1867". etd.library.emory.edu (Dissertation later published by Yale UP). p. 44. Retrieved January 8, 2024.
- ^ Marques, Leonardo (2012). "Slave Trading in a New World: The Strategies of North American Slave Traders in the Age of Abolition". Journal of the Early Republic. 32 (2): 233–260. ISSN 0275-1275.
- ^ "Slave Laws of Georgia, 1755–1860" (PDF). georgiaarchives.org. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
- ^ a b c d Bancroft (2023), p. 244.
- ^ a b c d Bancroft (2023), p. 223.
- ^ "Casualty". Weekly Raleigh Register. August 12, 1830. p. 1. Retrieved June 23, 2024.
- ^ a b "Dissolution". Weekly Columbus Enquirer. October 25, 1853. p. 4. Retrieved August 15, 2023.
- ^ a b "Notice to Planters". The Weekly Telegraph. August 2, 1859. p. 4. Retrieved July 6, 2024.
- ^ a b "Williams' Atlanta Directory 1859–60" (PDF).
- ^ a b c d e f Bellamy (1984), p. 305.
- ^ "Murder at Atlanta Georgia" Newspapers.com, Independent American, September 24, 1856, https://www.newspapers.com/article/independent-american-murder-at-atlanta-g/143865375/
- ^ a b c Colby (2024), p. 86.
- ^ a b savannahhistory (September 3, 2019). "From Slave House to School House: Rediscovering the Bryan Free School". Fact-Checking Savannah's History. Retrieved July 14, 2023.
- ^ "Reller Ralerfurt searching for his mother, father, brother, and sister · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved December 1, 2024.
- ^ a b "100 Negroes for Sale". The Weekly Telegraph. October 1, 1850. p. 3. Retrieved July 6, 2024.
- ^ "Archey M'Cloud searching for his mother Emily Ramsey and siblings Adeney, Frank, Lewis, and Georgiana · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- ^ Bancroft (2023), p. 248.
- ^ a b c d e f Venet, Wendy Hamand (2014). A Changing Wind: Commerce and Conflict in Civil War Atlanta. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-300-19216-2. JSTOR j.ctt5vksj6. LCCN 2013041255. OCLC 879430095. OL 26884541M.
- ^ Colby (2024), p. 96.
- ^ Pre-Printed Receipt for a Slave Girl. (1862-12-23). Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library; 13; 30. https://jstor.org/stable/community.21813273
- ^ "Race and Slavery Petitions, Digital Library on American Slavery". dlas.uncg.edu. Retrieved June 26, 2024.
- ^ a b c Bancroft (2023), p. 246.
- ^ Friedman (2017), p. 166.
- ^ "Petition #20685014 - Race and Slavery Petitions, Digital Library on American Slavery". dlas.uncg.edu. Retrieved October 21, 2024.
- ^ Johnson (2009), p. 52.
- ^ "Jailor's Notice". The Daily Constitutionalist and Republic. January 9, 1851. p. 3. Retrieved July 6, 2024.
- ^ Colby (2024), p. 101.
- ^ "Runaway Negro". Western Carolinian. April 3, 1827. p. 2. Retrieved September 17, 2023.
- ^ a b "Harrison & Pitts". Daily Columbus Enquirer. June 4, 1860. p. 4. Retrieved August 15, 2023.
- ^ "Forty Negroes for sale". Georgia Journal and Messenger. December 18, 1850. p. 4. Retrieved September 8, 2023.
- ^ "Runaway in Jail at Mathews Courthouse Va". Richmond Enquirer. May 30, 1851. p. 3. Retrieved January 15, 2025.
- ^ a b "Thirty Dollars Reward". The Independent Monitor. December 30, 1847. p. 3. Retrieved September 18, 2023.
- ^ "Henry Simpson searching for his mother Sophie Jerome · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved December 1, 2024.
- ^ "Horrid Outrage". The North-Carolina Star. May 15, 1834. p. 3. Retrieved September 18, 2023.
- ^ "Negroes for Sale". Weekly Columbus Enquirer. December 30, 1851. p. 3. Retrieved August 21, 2023.
- ^ "Rev. Samuel Blackwell looking for his father-in-law Gilbert Grant · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- ^ Bancroft (2023), pp. 247–248.
- ^ "Lucinda Keys looking for her children Albert and Margaret Carpenter · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- ^ "Twenty-Five Dollars Reward". The Weekly Telegraph. April 7, 1846. p. 3. Retrieved July 6, 2024.
- ^ "Alexander Pasco looking for his mother Jennie · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- ^ "Runaway in Jail". Richmond Enquirer. June 3, 1845. p. 1. Retrieved September 18, 2023.
- ^ "Rachel Emanuel searching for her brothers Columbus and Alex Jones · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved December 1, 2024.
- ^ Bancroft (2023), p. 247.
- ^ "Fanny White (formerly Fanny Nowland) looking for her parents Ben and Silvey Nowland and sister Paise Nowland · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- ^ "35 Negroes for Sale". The Weekly Telegraph. June 11, 1850. p. 3. Retrieved July 6, 2024.
- ^ "CAUTION". Georgia Journal and Messenger. June 4, 1851. p. 3. Retrieved July 6, 2024.
- ^ Garrett (2011), p. 511.
- ^ Jones-Rogers (2019), p. 124.
- ^ a b Garrett (2011), p. 495.
- ^ "$20 Reward". The Weekly Mississippian. May 5, 1848. p. 4. Retrieved June 24, 2024.
- ^ "Brought to Jail in Bibb County". The Weekly Telegraph. September 10, 1850. p. 3. Retrieved July 6, 2024.
- ^ "Georgia Negroes for Sale". The Weekly Telegraph. March 10, 1832. p. 4. Retrieved May 30, 2024.
- ^ Bancroft (2023), p. 223, 246.
- ^ "James Hayes seeking his father Spring Hayes and mother Charity Hayes · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- ^ "J. A. Dunigan seeking their mother Margaret and brother Bennie · Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery". informationwanted.org. Retrieved December 1, 2024.
- ^ "Negroes! Negroes!! For Sale". The Daily Constitutionalist and Republic. September 29, 1847. p. 3. Retrieved August 21, 2023.
- ^ "Jailor's Notice". Weekly Raleigh Register. April 20, 1839. p. 1. Retrieved September 18, 2023.
- ^ "Brought to Jail". The Daily Constitutionalist and Republic. August 10, 1860. p. 2. Retrieved July 6, 2024.
- ^ Wax (1984), p. 220.
- ^ "$50 Reward". The Daily Constitutionalist and Republic. June 22, 1847. p. 3. Retrieved July 6, 2024.
- ^ "Muscogee County". Daily Columbus Enquirer. November 1, 1856. p. 3. Retrieved July 6, 2024.
Sources
[edit]- Ball, Edward (2014) [1998]. Slaves in the Family. Macmillan. ISBN 9780374534455. LCCN 97034640.
- Bancroft, Frederic (2023) [1931]. Slave Trading in the Old South. Southern Classics Series. Introduction by Michael Tadman. University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-64336-427-8.
- Bellamy, Donnie D. (1984). "Macon, Georgia, 1823–1860: A Study in Urban Slavery". Phylon. 45 (4): 298–310. doi:10.2307/274910. JSTOR 274910.
- Calderhead, William (1977). "The Role of the Professional Slave Trader in a Slave Economy: Austin Woolfolk, A Case Study". Civil War History. 23 (3): 195–211. doi:10.1353/cwh.1977.0041. ISSN 1533-6271. S2CID 143907436.
- Colby, Robert K. D. (2024). An Unholy Traffic: Slave Trading in the Civil War South. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780197578261.001.0001. ISBN 9780197578285. LCCN 2023053721. OCLC 1412042395.
- Fitzpatrick, Benjamin Lewis (December 2008). Negroes for Sale: The Slave Trade in Antebellum Kentucky (Ph.D. thesis). University of Notre Dame. doi:10.7274/pn89d50750n.
- Garrett, Franklin M. (2011) [1954]. Atlanta and Environs: A Chronicle of Its People and Events, 1820s–1870s (Reprint ed.). University of Georgia Press. ISBN 9780820339023.
- Friedman, Saul (2017). Jews and the American Slave Trade. Routledge. ISBN 9781351510769.
- Gudmestad, Robert (1999). A Troublesome Commerce: The Interstate Slave Trade, 1808–1840 (Doctor of Philosophy thesis). Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College. doi:10.31390/gradschool_disstheses.6941.
- Head, David (2013). "Slave Smuggling by Foreign Privateers: The Illegal Slave Trade and the Geopolitics of the Early Republic". Journal of the Early Republic. 33 (3): 433–462. doi:10.1353/jer.2013.0061. ISSN 0275-1275. JSTOR 24487048.
- Hedrick, Charles Embury (1927). Social and Economic Aspects of Slavery in the Transmontane Prior to 1850. George Peabody College for Teachers. Contributions to education.no. 46. Nashville, Tennessee: George Peabody College for Teachers.
- James, D. Clayton (1993) [1968]. Antebellum Natchez. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-1860-3. LCCN 68028496. OCLC 28281641.
- Jay, William (1844). A View of the Action of the Federal Government, In Behalf of Slavery. Utica, N.Y.: J.C. Jackson.
- Johnson, Walter (2013). River of Dark Dreams: Slavery and Empire in the Cotton Kingdom. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674074880. LCCN 2012030065. OCLC 827947225. OL 26179618M.
- Johnson, Walter (2009). Soul by Soul: Life Inside the Antebellum Slave Market. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674039155. OCLC 923120203.
- Jones-Rogers, Stephanie E. (2019). They Were Her Property: White Women as Slave Owners in the American South. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-21866-4.
- Kendall, John S. (January 1939). "Shadow Over the City". The Louisiana Historical Quarterly. 22 (1). New Orleans: Louisiana Historical Society: 142–165. ISSN 0095-5949. OCLC 1782268. LDS Film 1425689, Image Group Number (DGS) 1640025 – via FamilySearch Digital Library.
- Kytle, Ethan J.; Roberts, Blain (2018). Denmark Vesey's garden: slavery and memory in the cradle of the Confederacy. New York: The New Press. ISBN 9781620973660. LCCN 2017041546.
- Libby, David J. (2004). Slavery and Frontier Mississippi, 1720–1835. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 1-57806-599-2.
- Menck, Mary (2017). The Devil's Backbone: Race, Space, and Nation-Building on the Natchez Trace (M.A. thesis). Medford, Massachusetts: Tufts University.
- Mooney, Chase C. (1971) [1957]. "Chapter Two: Hire, Sale, Theft and Flight of Slaves". Slavery in Tennessee. Westport, Conn.: Negro Universities Press. pp. 29–63.
- Phillips, U. Bonnell (1936) [1918]. American Negro slavery: a survey of the supply, employment and control of Negro labor as determined by the plantation régime. New York: D. Appleton and Company.
- Schermerhorn, Calvin (2015). The business of slavery and the rise of American capitalism, 1815–1860. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-19200-1.
- Schermerhorn, Calvin (2016). "Chapter 10. The Coastwise Slave Trade and a Mercantile Community of Interest". In Rockman, Seth Edward; Beckert, Sven (eds.). Slavery's Capitalism: A New History of American Economic Development. Early American Studies. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 209–224. doi:10.9783/9780812293098-011. ISBN 978-0-8122-4841-8. JSTOR j.ctt1dfnrs7. LCCN 2016304619. OCLC 945028802.
- Sellers, James Benson (2015) [1950]. "Chapter 5: Traffic in Slaves". Slavery in Alabama. Library of Alabama Classics. Introduction by Harriet E. Amos Doss. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. ISBN 9780817389147. LCCN 50004433. OCLC 899157440.
- Stowe, Harriet Beecher (1853). A key to Uncle Tom's cabin: presenting the original facts and documents upon which the story is founded. Boston: J. P. Jewett & Co. LCCN 02004230. OCLC 317690900. OL 21879838M.
- Sydnor, Charles S. (1933). Slavery in Mississippi. American Historical Association, Carnegie Corporation of New York. New York: D. Appleton-Century Co. LCCN 33033678. OCLC 1968805.
- Wax, Darold D. (1984). ""New Negroes Are Always in Demand": The Slave Trade in Eighteenth-Century Georgia". The Georgia Historical Quarterly. 68 (2): 193–220. ISSN 0016-8297.
- Williams, Jennie K. (April 2, 2020). "Trouble the water: The Baltimore to New Orleans coastwise slave trade, 1820–1860". Slavery & Abolition. 41 (2): 275–303. doi:10.1080/0144039X.2019.1660509. ISSN 0144-039X. S2CID 203494471.
- Wilson, Carol (2009) [1994]. Freedom at Risk: The Kidnapping of Free Blacks in America, 1780–1865. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 9780813149790. JSTOR j.ctt130j5m9. LCCN 93021012. OCLC 900344359.
