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Lazar Koliševski

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Lazar Koliševski
Лазар Колишевски
1st President of the Presidency of Yugoslavia
In office
4 May 1980 – 15 May 1980
Prime MinisterVeselin Đuranović
Preceded byJosip Broz Tito
Succeeded byCvijetin Mijatović
6th President of the People's Assembly of PR Macedonia
In office
19 December 1953 – 26 June 1962
Prime MinisterLjupčo Arsov
Aleksandar Grlickov
Preceded byDimce Stojanov
Succeeded byLjupčo Arsov
1st President of the Executive Council of PR Macedonia
In office
16 April 1945 – 19 December 1953
PresidentMetodija Andonov - Čento
Dimitar Vlahov
Preceded byOffice established
Succeeded byLjupčo Arsov
1st Secretary of the League of Communists of Macedonia
In office
19 March 1943 – July 1963
Preceded byOffice established
Succeeded byKrste Crvenkovski
Personal details
Born(1914-02-12)12 February 1914
Sveti Nikole, Kingdom of Serbia
Died6 July 2000(2000-07-06) (aged 86)
Skopje, Macedonia
NationalityYugoslav/Macedonian
Political partyLeague of Communists of Yugoslavia
League of Communists of Macedonia
AwardsOrder of the People's Hero
Order of People's Liberation
Order of the Hero of Socialist Labour

Lazar Koliševski (Macedonian: Лазар Колишевски [ˈlazar kɔˈliʃɛfski] ⓘ; 12 February 1914 – 6 July 2000) was a Macedonian Yugoslav communist political leader in the Socialist Republic of Macedonia and briefly in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. He was closely allied with Josip Broz Tito.

Early years

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Koliševski was born on 12 February 1914 in Sveti Nikole, Kingdom of Serbia, into a poor family.[1][2] His mother was an Aromanian, while his father was Slavic.[3] According to Kosta Tsarnushanov, a MMTRO member and historian, his father was a Serboman.[4] In 1915, during the First World War, the region of Macedonia was occupied by the Kingdom of Bulgaria. His father was mobilized on the Salonica front,[5] and during the war, both of Koliševski's parents died.[3] Once left an orphan, he was taken by his aunts and sent to an orphanage.[3][1] In 1928, he enrolled into a technical school in Kragujevac, where left-wing activism flourished. Here, he befriended future Yugoslav politicians Aleksandar Ranković and Boris Mijoski.[3] Koliševski became influenced by communism.[2] He graduated from a trade school in Kragujevac in 1932 and worked as a metalworker, while also joining the League of Communist Youth of Yugoslavia.[1][6] In 1935, he joined the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (CPY).[3][7] He went to study at the University of Belgrade and worked as party secretary in Kragujevac and Smederevo Palanka before World War II.[1]

World War II

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Memorial plaque from communist times, commemorating the sentencing of Koliševski and four others by the "Bulgarian Fascist Occupiers" in Ohrid

As Nazi forces entered Belgrade in April 1941, Bulgaria, a German ally, took control of a part of Vardar Macedonia, with the western towns of Tetovo, Gostivar and Debar became part of the Italian zone in Albania. After the Bulgarians had taken control of the eastern part of the former Vardar Banovina, the leader of the local faction of Communist Party of Yugoslavia, Metodi Shatorov had defected to the Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP).[8] Koliševski was sent by CPY to Macedonia to replace the leadership of the Regional Committee,[9] as well as challenge the influence of BCP.[1] Koliševski conducted the policy of CPY in Macedonia. After the attack on the Soviet Union by Germany and the intervention of the Comintern, the Macedonian communist movement fell into the hands of the Yugoslav Macedonians led by him,[10] who was pro-Serbian.[2] He also had the task of organizing an armed resistance.[3]

In September 1941, Koliševski became the Secretary of the Regional Committee of the Communists in Macedonia. After the communist attack on the Bulgarian police station in Prilep on 11 October, he was arrested a month later in Ohrid and sentenced to death by a Bulgarian military court.[3][6] Koliševski's personal Bulgarian prison card in 1941 listed his nationality as Bulgarian.[11] He wrote two appeals for clemency to the Bulgarian tsar and to the defense minister.[8] In the appeals, he wrote that he had a Bulgarian origin.[12][13] These documents are stored in the Bulgarian military archive in Veliko Tarnovo.[14] Later, his death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment, and Koliševski was sent to a prison in Pleven, Bulgaria.[15] However, after the fall of communism, when these documents became widely known, Koliševski denied making any appeals for clemency or admission of guilt personally.[16] He claimed that his plea for mercy was written by his lawyer,[17] but in relation to the death sentence of the then Bulgarian military courts, existed only the opportunity to submit personally signed "appeal for clemency".[18] According to the Yugoslav politician Antun Kolendić, Koliševski vainly denied these facts, while he became familiar with these documents in 1946.[19]

Koliševski giving a speech in Skopje after the liberation in 1945 during World War II in Yugoslav Macedonia.

In 1943, he was elected in absentia as a delegate of the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia, secretary of the Central Commitee of the Communist Party of Macedonia (later League of Communists of Macedonia/LCM), and in 1944 as a delegate of the Anti-Fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia.[3][20] He was released from prison in 9 September 1944 when the Fatherland Front took over in Bulgaria.[3][2] He soon became the president of the Communist Party of Macedonia, a branch of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia. In mid-April 1945, Koliševski became the Prime Minister of the Federal State of Macedonia, a federal unit of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (DFY).[2] Koliševski was awarded with the Order of the People's Hero, Order of People's Liberation and Order of the Hero of Socialist Labour.[6]

Yugoslavia

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Koliševski in 1964.

In mid-September 1944, Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito sent Svetozar Vukmanović and him to Sofia to meet with the Central Committee of the Bulgarian Communist Party to discuss the Macedonian Question. They blamed the Bulgarian communists for their actions during the war in Macedonia and demanded a union of Pirin Macedonia with the new Yugoslav Macedonia.[8] On 16 April 1945, he became the first President of the Executive Council of the People's Republic of Macedonia.[21] Under his leadership,[22] hundreds of Macedonian Bulgarians were killed as collaborationists in January 1945.[21] Thousands of others, who retained their pro-Bulgarian sympathies, suffered severe repression as a result.[23] After Metodija Andonov-Čento's incarceration in November 1946, he also initiated the purging of real or alleged Čentovites and Cominformists from the party and government.[2] During his leadership, LCM was also committed to Yugoslav centralism.[3] The communist Macedonian leaders were declared atheists but they still saw the importance of religion and church in the construction of a nation.[2]

In 1946, he was a member of the Presidium of the National Constituent Assembly.[6] He became a candidate member of the Politburo of the LCY in 1948 at the Fifth Party Congress. He was elected a member of the LCY CC's Executive Committee and a member of the presidency at the Sixth and Seventh Congresses. In 1953, he became the president of the Assembly of the People's Republic of Macedonia. He set the stage for Macedonia's negationist history and in his 1962 work Aspects of the Macedonian Question (Macedonian: Аспекти на македонското прашање), he minimized Bulgarian influence and maximized Serbian influence on Macedonian history.[1] In the 1960s, he went with Tito to eight North African countries as part of a delegation on a diplomatic mission.[24] From 1979 to 1980, Koliševski served as the vice president of the Presidency of Yugoslavia. On 4 May 1980, Koliševski succeeded Tito after his death and held the office of head of the presidency of Yugoslavia for ten days, when the office passed on to Cvijetin Mijatović.[7]

Republic of Macedonia

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After the breakup of Yugoslavia, Koliševski lived in Skopje, the capital of the newly-proclaimed Republic of Macedonia, and opposed the anti-Serbian and pro-Bulgarian policy of the ruling right-wing party, VMRO-DPMNE, in the late 1990s.[25] Nationalists in Ohrid demanded that he be hanged.[22] He died on 6 July 2000. Shortly after, his personal archive of 300,000 documents was given to the Macedonian Academy of Arts and Sciences.[26] In 2002 a monument of Koliševski was erected in his birthplace by the left-wing local government.[27] Krste Crvenkovski and Slavko Milosavlevski challenged the belief that he had a significant role in the communist resistance during World War II.[8]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f Wojciech Roszkowski; Jan Kofman, eds. (2016). Biographical Dictionary of Central and Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century. Taylor & Francis. p. 481. ISBN 9781317475941.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Andrew Rossos (2013). Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History. Hoover Institution Press. pp. 191, 224, 226, 238, 240. ISBN 9780817948832.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Bechev, Dimitar (3 September 2019). Historical Dictionary of North Macedonia. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 77, 167–168. ISBN 978-1-5381-1962-4.
  4. ^ Коста Църнушанов (1992). Македонизмът и съпротивата на Македония срещу него (in Bulgarian). Университетско изд-во "Св. Климент Охридски". p. 227.
  5. ^ Коста Църнушанов, Коста (1991). "Сърбизиране на македонския казионен "литературен език". Част втора". Македонски преглед (in Bulgarian): 21.
  6. ^ a b c d Blaže Ristovski, ed. (2009). Macedonian Encyclopedia (in Macedonian). Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts. pp. 713–714.
  7. ^ a b Harris M. Lentz, ed. (2014). Heads of States and Governments Since 1945. Taylor & Francis. pp. 851–852. ISBN 9781134264902.
  8. ^ a b c d Chris Kostov (2010). Contested Ethnic Identity: The Case of Macedonian Immigrants in Toronto, 1900–1996. Peter Lang. pp. 13, 81, 96, 107. ISBN 978-3034301961.
  9. ^ Sabrina P. Ramet (2006). The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation, 1918-2005. Indiana University Press. p. 140. ISBN 9780253346568.
  10. ^ Stojan Kiselinovski (2016). "Historical Roots of the Macedonian Language Codification". Studia Środkowoeuropejskie i Bałkanistyczne. 24: 135. doi:10.4467/2543733XSSB.16.009.6251.
  11. ^ Билярски, Ц. Малко известни факти от живота на Лазар Колишевски – сп. "Известия на държавните архиви" – Държавна агенция Архиви, бр. 98, 2009, стр. 101–121.
  12. ^ Молба за милостъ от Лазаръ Паневъ Колишевъ, затворникъ при Скопския областен сѫдъ, осѫденъ на СМЪРТЪ отъ Битолския военно-полеви сѫдъ по наказ. дѣло 133/941. по закона за защита на държавата
  13. ^ Цанко Серафимов (2004). Енциклопедичен речник за Македония и македонските работи (in Bulgarian). Орбел. p. 149. ISBN 9789544960704.
  14. ^ They were re-discovered in 1984 and copies of them were provided to the Central Committee of the BCP, apparently with the aim of responding to the anti-Bulgarian campaigns carried out in Yugoslavia with the participation of Lazar Kolisevski, to show that this person had another biography, of which he is ashamed and disfigured. This documentation was forwarded with a letter from the First Deputy Minister of National Defense and Chief of the General Staff of the Bulgarian Army, Colonel General Atanas Semerdzhiev, to the member of the Politburo and secretary of the Central Committee of the BCP, Milko Balev. For more: Билярски, Цочо. Малко известни факти от живота на Лазар Колишевски, Известия на държавните архиви. ISSN 0323-9780 (том 98, 2009, стр. 101–120).
  15. ^ Zoran Todorovski (16 October 2006). "Полемики СТО МАКЕДОНСКИ НЕВИСТИНИ За грешките во лексиконот "Сто македонски години 1903-2003"". Utrinski vesnik (in Macedonian). Archived from the original on 10 August 2007.
  16. ^ Kljakic, Dragan (1994). Времето на Колишевски. Matica Makedonska. p. 109. Дали потоа поднесовте молба за помилување? – го прашав / Не, не поднесов. Ако го напривев тоа, ќе значеше дека ја признавам вината." ("Did you then apply for clemency? – I asked / No, I did not. If I did, it would mean I was admitting guilt.
  17. ^ His lawyer Stefan Stefanov was liquidated by the Yugoslav communists in 1946 as a Greater Bulgarian chauvinist. For more see: Пелтеков, Александър Г. Революционни дейци от Македония и Одринско. Второ допълнено издание. София, Орбел, 2014. ISBN 9789544961022, с. 442.
  18. ^ Евгений Еков (2013). "Отродителят – "Народний херой"". Нова зора (in Bulgarian).
  19. ^ Антун Колендиќ. "Белите дамки на македонската историја". Marxist Internet Archive (in Macedonian). Start magazin. На почетокот на 1946 година бев по специјални задачи во Бугарија. Тогаш ми е јавено од ЦК КПЈ, односно од А. Ранковиќ - преку сојузната УДБА - од Бугарите да ги преземам сите строго доверливи архиварии во врска со Југославија. Од министерот за правосудство Нејчев добив фотокопии или заверени преписи со сите политички судски процеси на Југословените во текот на окупацијата, а помеѓу нив и досието на Лазар Колишевски, всушност на Лазар Панев Колишев. (At the beginning of 1946 I was on special assignments in Bulgaria. At that time I was informed by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia, that is, by A. Ranković - through the federal UDBA - that I was to take over from the Bulgarians all the strictly confidential archives related to Yugoslavia. From the Minister of Justice Nejčev I received photocopies or certified copies of all the political trials of the Yugoslavs during the occupation, and among them the file of Lazar Kolishevski, actually of Lazar Panev Kolishev.)
  20. ^ Alexis Heraclides (2020). The Macedonian Question and the Macedonians: A History. p. 89. ISBN 9781000289404.
  21. ^ a b James Horncastle (2019). The Macedonian Slavs in the Greek Civil War, 1944–1949. Lexington Books. pp. 107, 111. ISBN 9781498585057.
  22. ^ a b Michael Palairet (2016). Macedonia: A Voyage through History, Volume 2. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 293, 311. ISBN 978-1443888493.
  23. ^ Hugh Poulton (2000). Who Are the Macedonians?. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 118. ISBN 1850655340.
  24. ^ Nick Miller (2007). The Nonconformists: Culture, Politics, and Nationalism in a Serbian Intellectual Circle, 1944-1991. Central European University Press. p. 97. ISBN 9786155211362.
  25. ^ Savo Krzavac (13 July 2000). "Bravar nije voleo zlato". НИН (in Serbian). Belgrade.
  26. ^ „Архивата на Лазо Колишевски до 300.000 страници во МАНУ е тајна дури и за лустраторите“, Дневник, година XVIII, број 5596, понеделник, 20 октомври 2014, стр. 2–3.
  27. ^ "Споменикот го врати Колишевски во Св. Николе". Time.mk (in Macedonian). Dnevnik. 11 October 2002.
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