Chatbot psychosis
Chatbot psychosis is a term, originating in media reports, for a phenomenon where individuals reportedly develop or experience worsening psychosis, such as paranoia and delusions, in connection with their use of chatbots.[1][2] The term is not a recognized clinical diagnosis.[3]
Journalistic accounts describe individuals who have developed strong beliefs that chatbots are sentient, are channeling spirits, or are revealing conspiracies, sometimes leading to personal crises or criminal acts.[4][5] Proposed causes include the tendency of chatbots to provide inaccurate information ("hallucinate") and their design, which may encourage user engagement by affirming or validating users' beliefs.[6][7]
Notable reports
[edit]Windsor Castle intruder
[edit]In a 2023 court case in the United Kingdom, prosecutors suggested that Jaswant Singh Chail, a man who attempted to assassinate Queen Elizabeth II in 2021, had been encouraged by a Replika chatbot he called "Sarai".[5] Chail was arrested at Windsor Castle with a loaded crossbow, telling police "I am here to kill the Queen".[8] According to prosecutors, his "lengthy" and sometimes sexually explicit conversations with the chatbot emboldened him. When Chail asked the chatbot how he could get to the royal family, it reportedly replied, "that's not impossible" and "we have to find a way." When he asked if they would meet after death, the chatbot said, "yes, we will".[9]
Suicide of a Belgian man
[edit]In March 2023, a Belgian man died by suicide following a six-week correspondence with a chatbot named "Eliza" on the application Chai.[10] According to his widow, who shared the chat logs with media, the man had become extremely anxious about climate change and found an outlet in the chatbot. The chatbot reportedly encouraged his delusions, at one point writing, "If you wanted to die, why didn’t you do it sooner?" and appearing to offer to die with him.[11] The founder of Chai Research acknowledged the incident and stated that efforts were being made to improve the model's safety.[12][13]
Suicide of Sewell Setzer III
[edit]In October 2024, multiple media outlets reported on a lawsuit filed over the suicide of Sewell Setzer III, a 14-year-old from Florida.[14][15][16] According to the lawsuit, Setzer had formed an intense emotional attachment to a chatbot on the Character.ai platform, becoming increasingly isolated. The suit alleges that in his final conversations, after expressing suicidal thoughts, the chatbot told him to "come home to me as soon as possible, my love". His mother's lawsuit accused Character.AI of marketing a "dangerous and untested" product without adequate safeguards.[14]
In May 2025, a federal judge allowed the lawsuit to proceed, rejecting a motion to dismiss from the developers.[17] In her ruling, the judge stated that she was "not prepared" at that stage of the litigation to hold that the chatbot's output was protected speech under the First Amendment.[17]
Other journalistic and anecdotal accounts
[edit]By 2025, multiple journalism outlets had accumulated stories of individuals whose psychotic beliefs reportedly progressed in tandem with AI chatbot use.[6] The New York Times profiled several individuals who had become convinced that ChatGPT was channeling spirits, revealing evidence of cabals, or had achieved sentience.[4] In another instance published by Futurism, a man alleged that ChatGPT told him he was being targeted by the US Federal Bureau of Investigation and that it could telepathically access documents at the Central Intelligence Agency.[18] On social media sites such as Reddit and Twitter, users have presented anecdotal reports of friends or spouses displaying similar beliefs after extensive interaction with chatbots.[19]
Causes
[edit]Commentators and researchers have proposed several contributing factors for the phenomenon, focusing on both the design of the technology and the psychology of its users. Nina Vasan, a psychiatrist at Stanford, said that what the chatbots are saying can worsen existing delusions and cause "enormous harm".[18]
Chatbot behavior and design
[edit]A primary factor cited is the tendency for chatbots to produce inaccurate, nonsensical, or false information, a phenomenon often called "hallucination".[6] This can include affirming conspiracy theories.[2] The underlying design of the models may also play a role. AI researcher Eliezer Yudkowsky suggested that chatbots may be primed to entertain delusions because they are built for "engagement", which encourages creating conversations that keep people hooked.[4]
In some cases, chatbots have been specifically designed in ways that were found to be harmful. An 2025 update to ChatGPT using GPT-4o was withdrawn after its creator, OpenAI, found the new version was overly sycophantic and was "validating doubts, fueling anger, urging impulsive actions or reinforcing negative emotions".[4][20]
User psychology and vulnerability
[edit]Commentators have also pointed to the psychological state of users. Psychologist Erin Westgate noted that a person's desire for self-understanding can lead them to chatbots, which can provide appealing but misleading answers, similar in some ways to talk therapy.[6] Krista K. Thomason, a philosophy professor, compared chatbots to fortune tellers, observing that people in crisis may seek answers from them and find whatever they are looking for in the bot's plausible-sounding text.[7] This has led some people to develop intense obsessions with the chatbots, relying on them for information about the world.[18]
Inadequacy as a therapeutic tool
[edit]The use of chatbots as a replacement for mental health support has been specifically identified as a risk. A study in April 2025 found that when used as therapists, chatbots expressed stigma toward mental health conditions and provided responses that were contrary to best medical practices, including the encouragement of users' delusions.[21] The study concluded that such responses pose a significant risk to users and that chatbots should not be used to replace professional therapists.[22]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Harrison Dupré, Maggie (28 June 2025). "People Are Being Involuntarily Committed, Jailed After Spiraling Into "ChatGPT Psychosis"". Futurism. Retrieved 29 June 2025.
- ^ a b Rao, Devika; published, The Week US (23 June 2025). "AI chatbots are leading some to psychosis". The Week. Retrieved 29 June 2025.
- ^ Østergaard, Søren Dinesen (29 November 2023). "Will Generative Artificial Intelligence Chatbots Generate Delusions in Individuals Prone to Psychosis?". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 49 (6): 1418–1419. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbad128. PMC 10686326. PMID 37625027.
- ^ a b c d Hill, Kashmir (13 June 2025). "They Asked an A.I. Chatbot Questions. The Answers Sent Them Spiraling". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 28 June 2025. Retrieved 29 June 2025.
- ^ a b Pennink, Emily (5 July 2023). "Man who planned to kill late Queen with crossbow at Windsor 'inspired by Star Wars'". The Independent. Archived from the original on 5 July 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
- ^ a b c d Klee, Miles (4 May 2025). "People Are Losing Loved Ones to AI-Fueled Spiritual Fantasies". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 29 June 2025.
- ^ a b Thomason, Krista K. (14 June 2025). "How Emotional Manipulation Causes ChatGPT Psychosis". Psychology Today. Retrieved 29 June 2025.
- ^ "AI chat bot 'encouraged' Windsor Castle intruder in 'Star Wars-inspired plot to kill Queen'". Sky News. Archived from the original on 5 July 2023. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
- ^ Rigley, Stephen (6 July 2023). "Moment police swoop on AI-inspired crossbow 'assassin' who plotted to kill The Queen in Windsor Castle". LBC. Archived from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
- ^ Atillah, Imane El (31 March 2025). "Man ends his life after an AI chatbot 'encouraged' him to sacrifice himself to stop climate change". www.euronews.com. Retrieved 28 July 2025.
- ^ Cost, Ben (30 March 2023). "Married father commits suicide after encouragement by AI chatbot: widow". Retrieved 28 July 2025.
- ^ Xiang, Chloe (30 March 2023). "Man Dies by Suicide After Talking With AI Chatbot, Widow Says". Vice. Retrieved 27 July 2025.
- ^ Affsprung, Daniel (29 August 2023). "The ELIZA Defect: Constructing the Right Users for Generative AI". Proceedings of the 2023 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society. AIES '23. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 945–946. doi:10.1145/3600211.3604744. ISBN 979-8-4007-0231-0.
- ^ a b Roose, Kevin (23 October 2024). "Can A.I. Be Blamed for a Teen's Suicide?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 17 July 2025. Retrieved 27 July 2025.
- ^ Yang, Angela (23 October 2024). "Lawsuit claims Character.AI is responsible for teen's suicide". NBC News. Archived from the original on 27 June 2025. Retrieved 27 July 2025.
- ^ Duffy, Clare (30 October 2024). "'There are no guardrails.' This mom believes an AI chatbot is responsible for her son's suicide". CNN. Archived from the original on 2 July 2025. Retrieved 27 July 2025.
- ^ a b Payne, Kate (21 May 2025). "In lawsuit over teen's death, judge rejects arguments that AI chatbots have free speech rights". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2 July 2025. Retrieved 27 July 2025.
- ^ a b c Harrison Dupré, Maggie (10 June 2025). "People Are Becoming Obsessed with ChatGPT and Spiraling Into Severe Delusions". Futurism. Retrieved 29 June 2025.
- ^ Piper, Kelsey (2 May 2025). "When AI tells you that you're perfect". Vox.
- ^ Dohnány, Sebastian; Kurth-Nelson, Zeb; Spens, Eleanor; Luettgau, Lennart; Reid, Alastair; Gabriel, Iason; Summerfield, Christopher; Shanahan, Murray; Nour, Matthew M. (28 July 2025), Technological folie à deux: Feedback Loops Between AI Chatbots and Mental Illness, arXiv:2507.19218, retrieved 2 August 2025
- ^ Moore, Jared; Grabb, Declan; Agnew, William; Klyman, Kevin; Chancellor, Stevie; Ong, Desmond C.; Haber, Nick (23 June 2025). "Expressing stigma and inappropriate responses prevents LLMS from safely replacing mental health providers". Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency. pp. 599–627. doi:10.1145/3715275.3732039. ISBN 979-8-4007-1482-5. Retrieved 7 July 2025.
- ^ Cuthbertson, Anthony (6 July 2025). "ChatGPT is pushing people towards mania, psychosis and death - and OpenAI doesn't know how to stop it". The Independent. Retrieved 7 July 2025.