Bar-Giora (organization)
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| Bar-Giora | |
|---|---|
| בר גיורא | |
| Active | 1907–1909 |
| Country | Palestine, Ottoman Empire (Yishuv) |
| Type | Paramilitary |
| Motto(s) | "In fire and blood did Judea fall; in blood and fire Judea shall rise." |
Bar-Giora (Hebrew: בר גיורא) was a Jewish militia in Palestine (then part of the Ottoman Empire) from 1907 to 1909. The group was composed primarily of Russian Jewish immigrants of the Second Aliyah. The organization was a precursor of Hashomer, itself a precursor of the Haganah and the Israel Defense Force.
History
[edit]Bar Giora's founder, Israel Shochat immigrated to the Ottoman Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem in 1904 from the Russian Empire as part of the Second Aliyah. He had experience of underground militias during the Tzarist pogroms of 1903-1906 and on his arrival he came under the influence of Michael Halperin (see here), attracted by his talk of an army of Jewish fighters. Shochat established a small group of loyal followers and in 1906 launched the local branch of Poale Zion with about 60 members. In 1907 Yitzhak Ben-Zvi arrived from Poltava; as leader of Russian Poale Zion he had been on the run from the secret police for a year. Shochat and Ben-Zvi travelled together to the 8th World Zionist Congress in The Hague and on their return established the first incarnation of Bar Giora.
On September 28, 1907, a group met in Ben-Zvi's Jaffa room: Israel Shochat, Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, Alexander Zeid, Mendel Portugali, Israel Giladi, Yehezkel Hankin, Yehezkel Nissanov and Moshe Givoni. They swore themselves to absolute secrecy - on pain of death ("death by snake bite" i.e. sudden execution) - and absolute allegiance to their leader, Israel Shochat. As a motto, they chose a line from Yaakov Cohen's poem, Habiryonim: "In fire and blood did Judea fall; in blood and fire Judea shall rise."[1]
The organization was named after Simon Bar Giora, one of the leaders of the first century Jewish Revolt against Roman rule, and Shabtai Teveth writes that "The society's name attested to its triple objective: to form a Hebrew military force that would organize and implement an armed uprising to bring about its ultimate aim, the creation of an independent Jewish state." Their tactics were to act as a command cell and organise groups that could be manipulated towards the ultimate objective. They would focus on replacing Arab guards in the remote colonies in Upper Galilee and set up their own outposts. A team of shepherds was to undertake a detailed survey of the land. In October 1907, Shochat led an expanded group to Sejera leaving Ben-Zvi in Jaffa as their man inside Poale Zion.[1][verification needed]
When Hashomer was formed on April 12, 1909, the Bar-Giora was absorbed into it. David Ben Gurion was not included in this decision, influencing his dealings with Hashomer.[1]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c Teveth, Shabtai (1987) Ben-Gurion. The Burning Ground. 1886-1948. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-35409-4. p. 54