Australian tern
| Australian tern | |
|---|---|
| |
| Australian tern at Cairns, Queensland | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Charadriiformes |
| Family: | Laridae |
| Genus: | Gelochelidon |
| Species: | G. macrotarsa
|
| Binomial name | |
| Gelochelidon macrotarsa (Gould, 1837)
| |
The Australian tern or Australian gull-billed tern (Gelochelidon macrotarsa) is a tern in the family Laridae, native to Australia. The genus name is from Ancient Greek gelao, "to laugh", and khelidon, "swallow".
Taxonomy
[edit]John Gould described Sterna macrotarsa from a specimen held at King's College, London in 1837.[2] Although first described as a species, throughout most of the 20th and early 21st centuries it was generally considered to be a subspecies of the gull-billed tern,[3] but was re-elevated to species status by the IOC World Bird List in 2019 in its Version 9.2.[4]
Description
[edit]This is a fairly large and powerful tern, similar in size and general appearance to a Sandwich tern, but the short thick gull-like bill, broad wings, long legs and robust body are distinctive. The summer adult has pale grey upperparts, white underparts, a black cap, strong black bill and black legs. The call is a characteristic ker-wik. It is 33–42 cm (13–17 in) in length and 76–91 cm (30–36 in) in wingspan.[5][6] Its weight ranges from 150–292 g (5.3–10.3 oz).[7] It differs from the closely related gull-billed tern in being slightly larger, paler grey above, and with an obviously larger, heavier bill.[8]
In winter, the cap is lost, and there is a dark patch through the eye like a Forster's tern or a Mediterranean gull. Juvenile Australian terns have a fainter mask, but otherwise look much like winter adults.
Range
[edit]It breeds in Australia, with some also reaching New Guinea in the non-breeding season.
Life history
[edit]This species breeds in colonies on lakes, marshes and coasts. It nests in a ground scrape and lays two to five eggs.
This is a somewhat atypical tern, in appearance like a Sterna tern, but with feeding habits more like the Chlidonias marsh terns, black tern and white-winged tern.
The Australian tern does not normally plunge dive for fish like the other white terns, and has a broader diet than most other terns. It largely feeds on insects taken in flight, and also often hunts over wet fields and even in brushy areas, to take amphibians and small mammals.[5] It is also an opportunistic feeder, and has been observed to pick up and feed on dead dragonflies from the road.[9]
Gallery
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Three Australian terns, all in breeding plumage, with a winter plumage gull-billed tern, at Jam Jerrup, Victoria, Australia. -
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References
[edit]- ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Gelochelidon macrotarsa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T62026537A132671766. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T62026537A132671766.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
- ^ Gould, John (1837). "Characters of New Species of Australian Birds". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 5: 24=35 [26].
- ^ Hoyo, Josep del; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (1992). Handbook of the Birds of the World: Hoatzin to auks (in German). Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. p. 645. ISBN 84-87334-20-2.
- ^ "Noddies, gulls, terns, auks « IOC World Bird List". web.archive.org. 2019-08-08. Archived from the original on 2019-06-23. Retrieved 2025-03-23.
- ^ a b "Gull-billed Tern". All About Birds. Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
- ^ "Gull billed Tern (Gelochelidon nilotica)". Planet of Birds. 2011. Archived from the original on 2019-06-23. Retrieved 2019-06-23.
- ^ Dunning, John B. Jr., ed. (1992). CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-4258-5.
- ^ Rogers, Danny I.; Collins, Peter; Jessop, Rosalind E.; Minton, Clive D. T.; Hassell, Chris J. (2005). "Gull-billed Terns in north-western Australia: subspecies identification, moults and behavioural notes". Emu - Austral Ornithology. 105 (2): 145–158. doi:10.1071/MU04045. ISSN 0158-4197.
- ^ Sivakumar, S. (2004). "Gull-billed Tern Gelochelidon nilotica (Gmelin, 1789) feeding on insect road kills" (PDF). Newsletter for Ornithologists. 1 (1–2): 18–19.