Syngnathoidei
| Syngnathoidei Temporal range:
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| Hippocampus reidi (Syngnathidae) | |
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| Macroramphosus scolopax (Centriscidae) | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Syngnathiformes |
| Suborder: | Syngnathoidei |
| Families | |
Syngnathoidei is a large, diverse suborder of syngnathiform fish. It contains the "long-snouted" members of the order, and its monophyly has been affirmed by phylogenetic studies. The order contains pipefish, seahorses, trumpetfish, cornetfish, shrimpfish, and snipefish.[2][3] They are found in tropical, subtropical and temperate seas, especially in coastal waters around rock and coral reefs and among sea weed and sea grass beds. However, there are also pelagic species of pipefish and even freshwater species.
This appears to be an ancient suborder, with fossil remains known as early as the Late Cretaceous period.[1]
Taxonomy
[edit]The suborder is classified as follows, with familial divisions based on Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes:[2][3]
- Suborder Syngnathoidei
- Superfamily Aulostomoidea
- Family Aulostomidae Rafinesque, 1815 (trumpetfishes)
- Family Fistularidae Blainville, 1818 (cornetfishes)
- Superfamily Centriscoidea
- Family Centriscidae Bonaparte, 1831 (shrimpfishes and snipefishes)
- Superfamily Syngnathoidea
- Family Solenostomidae Lacépède, 1803 (ghost pipefishes)
- Family Syngnathidae Rafinesque, 1810 (pipefishes and seahorses)
- Superfamily Aulostomoidea
Fossil taxa
[edit]The following fossil taxa are placed in this order:[4][5]
- Suborder Syngnathoidei
- Genus †Gasterorhamphosus Sorbini, 1981 - Late Cretaceous of Italy (potentially an aulostomoid)[1]
- Family †Eekaulostomidae Cantalice & Alvarado-Ortega, 2016 - Early Paleocene of Mexico (potentially an aulostomoid)[1]
- Superfamily Aulostomoidea
- Genus †Aulostomoides Blot, 1980
- Family †Fistularioididae Blot, 1981 - Early Eocene of Italy (likely synonymous with Fistulariidae)
- Family †Parasynarcualidae Blot, 1981 (likely synonymous with Fistulariidae)
- Family †Urosphenidae Gill, 1884 - Early Eocene of Italy
- Superfamily Centriscoidea
- Family †Gerpegezhidae Bannikov & Carnevale, 2012 - Early Eocene of North Caucasus, Russia[6]
- Superfamily Syngnathoidea
- Family †Protosyngnathidae Boulenger, 1902 - Early-mid Eocene of Sumatra, Indonesia[5]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d Brownstein, C D (2023-01-10). "Syngnathoid Evolutionary History and the Conundrum of Fossil Misplacement". Integrative Organismal Biology. 5 (1). doi:10.1093/iob/obad011. ISSN 2517-4843. PMC 10210065. PMID 37251781.
- ^ a b Fricke, R.; Eschmeyer, W. N.; Van der Laan, R. (2025). "ESCHMEYER'S CATALOG OF FISHES: CLASSIFICATION". California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 2025-02-10.
- ^ a b S.J. Longo; B.C. Faircloth; A. Meyer; M.W. Westneat; M.E. Alfaroe & P.C. Wainwright (2017). "Phylogenomic analysis of a rapid radiation of misfit fishes (Syngnathiformes) using ultraconserved elements". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 113 (August 2017): 33–48. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.05.002. PMID 28487262. S2CID 13929577. Abstract.
- ^ Laan, Richard van der (2018-10-11). "Family-group names of fossil fishes". European Journal of Taxonomy (466). doi:10.5852/ejt.2018.466. ISSN 2118-9773.
- ^ a b Murray, Alison M. (2022-12-31). "Re-description and phylogenetic relationships of † Protosyngnathus sumatrensis (Teleostei: Syngnathoidei), a freshwater pipefish from the Eocene of Sumatra, Indonesia". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 20 (1): 1–16. doi:10.1080/14772019.2022.2113832. ISSN 1477-2019.
- ^ Bannikov, Alexandre F.; Carnevale, Giorgio (2012-05-01). "A long-bodied centriscoid fish from the basal Eocene of Kabardino-Balkaria, northern Caucasus, Russia". Naturwissenschaften. 99 (5): 379–389. doi:10.1007/s00114-012-0912-6. ISSN 1432-1904.