Caroverine
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| Trade names | Spasmium, Tinnitin, Tinnex |
| Routes of administration | By mouth |
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| ECHA InfoCard | 100.164.389 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C22H27N3O2 |
| Molar mass | 365.477 g·mol−1 |
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Caroverine is an antispasmodic drug used in Austria and Switzerland to relieve spasms in smooth muscles, as well as to treat cerebrovascular diseases and tinnitus.[1]
Chemically, it is a quinoxalineone[2] and is available in both a base and hydrochloric acid forms.[1]
Pharmacology
[edit]Pharmacologically, it has been described as a nonspecific calcium channel blocker and as an antagonist of the NMDA receptor and other receptors.[3][4]
History
[edit]It was discovered in Austria in the 1950s[3] and was developed by Austrian company Phafag AG.[3]
Its international nonproprietary name (INN), caroverine, was proposed in 1972.[5]
Society and culture
[edit]Brand names
[edit]As of 2018, it was marketed under the brand names Spasmium and Tinnitin in Austria, and under the brand Tinnex in India.[6]
Research
[edit]An intravenous formulation was tested in a single-blinded study in tinnitus that published in 1997 and had positive results; an effort to replicate those results failed to show any effect,[4] and more people had their condition worsen than experienced benefit.[3] Pilot studies using a spray formulation for tinnitus published in 2005.[7]
In 2010 Phafag licensed rights to caroverine to the Indian company, Lincoln Pharmaceuticals, to develop the drug for tinnitus in India.[8] Lincoln first marketed it for that purpose in India in 2011.[9]
As of 2016 it had been studied in a small clinical trial in people with loss of the sense of smell.[10]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Sweetman SC, ed. (2009). Martindale (36th ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. p. 2277. ISBN 9780853698401.
- ^ Bungardt E, Mutschler E (15 June 2000). "Spasmolytics". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley. p. 11. doi:10.1002/14356007.a24_515. ISBN 978-3527306732.
- ^ a b c d Dobie RA (August 1999). "A review of randomized clinical trials in tinnitus". The Laryngoscope. 109 (8): 1202–1211. doi:10.1097/00005537-199908000-00004. PMID 10443820. S2CID 21409406.
- ^ a b Langguth B, Salvi R, Elgoyhen AB (December 2009). "Emerging pharmacotherapy of tinnitus". Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs. 14 (4): 687–702. doi:10.1517/14728210903206975. PMC 2832848. PMID 19712015.
- ^ "Proposed INNs List 28" (PDF). WHO Chronicle. 26 (9). 1972.
- ^ "Caroverine International Brands". Drugs.com. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
- ^ Darlington CL, Smith PF (2007). "Drug treatments for tinnitus". Tinnitus: Pathophysiology and Treatment. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 166. pp. 249–262. doi:10.1016/S0079-6123(07)66023-3. ISBN 9780444531674. PMID 17956789.
- ^ "Press release: Lincoln Pharma ties up with Swiss Phafag for Tinnitin injections". Lincoln via Business Standard India. 17 November 2010.
- ^ "Press Release: Lincoln Pharma launches Tinnex Injection". Lincoln via Business Standard India. 14 April 2011.
- ^ Harless L, Liang J (July 2016). "Pharmacologic treatment for postviral olfactory dysfunction: a systematic review". International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology. 6 (7): 760–767. doi:10.1002/alr.21727. PMID 26879592. S2CID 29620152.